{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T04:25:22Z","timestamp":1775622322043,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nato Science for Peace and Security Project","award":["G5953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G5953"]}]},{"name":"Nato Science for Peace and Security Project","award":["P2-0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0065"]}]},{"name":"Nato Science for Peace and Security Project","award":["J2-50072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-50072"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) Research Program","award":["G5953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G5953"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) Research Program","award":["P2-0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0065"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) Research Program","award":["J2-50072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-50072"]}]},{"name":"ARIS Research Project","award":["G5953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G5953"]}]},{"name":"ARIS Research Project","award":["P2-0065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0065"]}]},{"name":"ARIS Research Project","award":["J2-50072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J2-50072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology for detecting shallow buried objects, utilizing an air-coupled stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar system that operates within a 2 GHz bandwidth starting at 500 MHz. Different GPR data acquisition methods for air-coupled systems are compared, specifically down-looking, side-looking, and circular acquisition strategies, employing the back projection algorithm to provide focusing of the acquired GPR data. Experimental results showed that the GPR can penetrate up to 0.6 m below the surface in a down-looking mode. The developed radar and the back projection focusing algorithm were used to acquire data in the side-looking and circular mode, providing focused images with a resolution of 0.1 m and detecting subsurface objects up to 0.3 m below the surface. The proposed approach transforms B-scans of the GPR-based data into 2D images. The provided approach has significant potential for advancing shallow object detection capabilities by transforming hyperbola-based features into point-like features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16213931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1729596717000},"page":"3931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Study of GPR Acquisition Methods for Shallow Buried Object Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3061-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Primo\u017e","family":"Smogavec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 45, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bla\u017e","family":"Pongrac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 45, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Sarja\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 45, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Venceslav","family":"Kafedziski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-6737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naboj\u0161a","family":"Don\u010dov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Ni\u0161, 18104 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Gleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 45, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3082170","article-title":"Contactless Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging: State of the art, challenges, and microwave tomography-based data processing","volume":"10","author":"Catapano","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. 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