{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T01:59:45Z","timestamp":1772675985277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2021-43-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-43-HH.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-02) is one of the scientific payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-02). The HEPD-02\u2019s main purpose is to characterize the particle environment in the Earth\u2019s vicinity, identifying sudden changes in the fluxes and correlating them with solar and terrestrial phenomena. Additionally, HEPD-02 also has capabilities in detecting Gamma-Ray Bursts. At the core of HEPD-02, a tower of scintillation counters made of plastic and LYSO crystals is able to recognize electrons in the range between 3 and 100 MeV, protons and nuclei between 30 and 200 MeV\/n. Plastic scintillators covering the calorimeter on five sides allow to reject particles entering from the top and not completely absorbed within its volume. In this work, the design of the HEPD-02 is reviewed in comparison to its predecessor, HEPD-01, highlighting the innovations of the new design. The design of each scintillation counter type has been fully validated through a campaign of prototype realization, testing, and characterization. The production of the scintillation counters, including the PMT selection process, is also discussed. Finally, the performance of the counters is compared with simulations, showing an agreement of within 20% with the expected performance, thereby meeting expectations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16213982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1730099044000},"page":"3982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Scintillation Counters of the High-Energy Particle Detector of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic (CSES-02) Satellite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Bartocci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)\u2014Amministrazione Centrale, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Battiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)\u2014Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Beol\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)\u2014Sezione di Torino, Via P. 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