{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T06:15:19Z","timestamp":1770531319555,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3010702"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["42275081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275081"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["XDB0760100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0760100"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["133244KYSB20210026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133244KYSB20210026"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFC3010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3010702"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275081"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XDB0760100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0760100"]}]},{"name":"the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["133244KYSB20210026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133244KYSB20210026"]}]},{"name":"Strategy Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2023YFC3010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3010702"]}]},{"name":"Strategy Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42275081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275081"]}]},{"name":"Strategy Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB0760100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0760100"]}]},{"name":"Strategy Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["133244KYSB20210026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133244KYSB20210026"]}]},{"name":"Project of China\u2014Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research","award":["2023YFC3010702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3010702"]}]},{"name":"Project of China\u2014Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research","award":["42275081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275081"]}]},{"name":"Project of China\u2014Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research","award":["XDB0760100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0760100"]}]},{"name":"Project of China\u2014Sri Lanka Joint Center for Education and Research","award":["133244KYSB20210026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133244KYSB20210026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Utilizing CloudSat\/CALIPSO satellite data and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2007 to 2016, this study analyzed the distributions of optical and physical characteristics and change characteristics of ice clouds over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results show that the frequency of ice clouds in the cold season (November to March) on the plateau is over 80%, while in the warm season (May to September) it is around 60%. The average cloud base height of ice clouds in the warm season is 3\u20135 km, and mostly around 2 km in the cold season. The average cloud top height in the warm season is around 5\u20138 km, while in the cold season it is mainly around 4.5 km. The average thickness of ice clouds in both seasons is around 2 km. The statistical results of microphysical characteristics show that the ice water content is around 10\u22121 to 103 mg\/m3, and the effective radius of ice clouds is mainly in the range of 10\u201390 \u03bcm. Both have their highest frequency in the west of the TP and lowest in the northeast. A comprehensive analysis of the change in temperature, water vapor, and ice cloud occurrence frequency shows that the rate of increase in water vapor in the warm season is greater than that in the cold season, while the rates of increase in both surface temperature and ice cloud occurrence are smaller than in the cold season. The rate of increase in temperature in the warm season is around 0.038 \u00b0C\/yr, and that in the cold season is around 0.095 \u00b0C\/yr. The growth rate of thin ice clouds in the warm season is around 0.15% per year, while that in the cold season is as high as 1% per year. The results suggest that the surface temperature change may be related to the occurrence frequency of thin ice clouds, with the notable increase in temperature during the cold season possibly being associated with a significant increase in the occurrence frequency of thin ice clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16213983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:04:04Z","timestamp":1730099044000},"page":"3983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Macro- and Microphysical Characteristics of Ice Clouds over the Tibetan Plateau Using CloudSat\/CALIPSO Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Newsky Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8061-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minzheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemei","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4917.513","article-title":"Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models","volume":"245","author":"Cess","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"An Evaluation of Cloud Radiative Feedback Mechanisms in Climate Models","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. 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