{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:15:37Z","timestamp":1778494537632,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61971109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYGX2020ZB031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGX2020ZB031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GF Science and Technology Special Innovation Zone Project","award":["61971109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971109"]}]},{"name":"GF Science and Technology Special Innovation Zone Project","award":["ZYGX2020ZB031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGX2020ZB031"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of Central Universities","award":["61971109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971109"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of Central Universities","award":["ZYGX2020ZB031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGX2020ZB031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is mainly devoted to studying the deployment problem of a multi-static radar system (MSRS) within a non-connected deployment region using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). By modeling and reformulating the problem, it can be represented as a multi-objective mixed integer programming (MOMIP), which eliminates the need for additional constraints. To enhance the algorithm performance, integer variables and continuous ones are treated separately employing multiple velocity formulas. The velocity formulas for integer variables are modified using the sigmoid function and genetic operation, leading to the proposal of two MSRS deployment algorithms, namely MOPSO-Sigmoid and MOPSO-Gene. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, they are compared with two existing MOPSO-based algorithms. The first algorithm is the MSRS deployment algorithm for the non-connected deployment region that addresses the additional constraint problem model. The second algorithm is based on an existing conventional MOPSO algorithm and addresses the equivalent MOMIP problem model. A numerical study demonstrates that MOPSO-Sigmoid and MOPSO-Gene exhibit promising efficiency and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:47:18Z","timestamp":1730101638000},"page":"4004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-Static Radar System Deployment Within a Non-Connected Region Utilising Particle Swarm Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2003.1183861","article-title":"Netted radar sensing","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. 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