{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T21:47:51Z","timestamp":1784065671245,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0610800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0610800"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0610803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0610803"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3902000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB3907501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3907501"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFF0610800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0610800"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFF0610803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0610803"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFB3902000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902000"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFB3907501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3907501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The robust detection of infrared small targets plays an important role in infrared early warning systems. However, the high-brightness interference present in the background makes it challenging. To solve this problem, we propose a weighted improved double local contrast measure (WIDLCM) algorithm in this paper. Firstly, we utilize a fixed-scale three-layer window to compute the double neighborhood gray difference to screen candidate target pixels and estimate the target size. Then, according to the size information of each candidate target pixel, an improved double local contrast measure (IDLCM) based on the gray difference is designed to enhance the target and suppress the background. Next, considering the structural characteristics of the target edge, we propose the variance-based weighting coefficient to eliminate clutter further. Finally, the targets are detected by an adaptive threshold. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1730291139000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Weighted Improved Double Local Contrast Measure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cailan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4581-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, S.D., Er, M.H., Venkateswarlu, R., and Chan, P. (1999, January 20\u201322). Max-mean and Max-median filters for detection of small-targets. Proceedings of the Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.364049"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.12.023","article-title":"Analysis of New Top-Hat Transformation and the Application for Infrared Dim Small Target Detection","volume":"43","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2020.107729","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection via Adaptive M-Estimator Ring Top-Hat Transformation","volume":"112","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3103261","article-title":"Multidirectional ring top-hat transformation for infrared small target detection","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2023.109339","article-title":"Robust Small Infrared Target Detection Using Weighted Adaptive Ring Top-Hat Transformation","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4996","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2281420","article-title":"Infrared Patch-Image Model for Small Target Detection in a Single Image","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2700023","article-title":"Reweighted Infrared Patch-Tensor Model with Both Nonlocal and Local Priors for Single-Frame Small Target Detection","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000321","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3068465","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection via Nonconvex Tensor Fibered Rank Approximation","volume":"60","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7543","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3298479","article-title":"Infrared Maritime Target Detection Based on Iterative Corner and Edge Weights in Tensor Decomposition","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5000816","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Local Contrast-Weighted Multidirectional Derivative","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"7507605","article-title":"An Infrared Small Target Detection Method Based on Gradient Correlation Measure","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"6500205","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Multidirectional Gradient","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9813","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3044958","article-title":"Attentional Local Contrast Networks for Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"59","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"7506205","article-title":"ISTDU-Net: Infrared Small-Target Detection U-Net","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5003109","article-title":"A Multi-Task Framework for Infrared Small Target Detection and Segmentation","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3199107","article-title":"Dense Nested Attention Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2242477","article-title":"A Local Contrast Method for Small Infrared Target Detection","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.04.002","article-title":"Multiscale Patch-Based Contrast Measure for Small Infrared Target Detection","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110003","DOI":"10.3788\/gzxb20204901.0110003","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Double-layer Local Contrast Measure","volume":"49","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Photonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3003267","article-title":"A Double-Neighborhood Gradient Method for Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"7507305","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on the Weighted Double Local Contrast Measure Utilizing a Novel Window","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"6003705","article-title":"A Simplified Dual-Weighted Three-Layer Window Local Contrast Method for Infrared Small-Target Detection","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6007705","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3297523","article-title":"Research on High Robust Infrared Small Target Detection Method in Complex Background","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2922347","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Using Homogeneity-Weighted Local Contrast Measure","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.37188\/OPE.20223007.0869","article-title":"Infrared small target detection using tri-layer template local difference measure","volume":"30","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Yao, H., and Chen, D. (2023). Using Double-Layer Patch-Based Contrast for Infrared Small Target Detection. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153839"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Ma, P., Pang, D., Li, W., Qian, J., and Guo, X. (2022). Weighted Local Ratio-Difference Contrast Method for Detecting an Infrared Small Target against Ground\u2013Sky Background. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225636"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"7507405","article-title":"Global Sparsity-Weighted Local Contrast Measure for Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3038442","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Utilizing the Enhanced Closest-Mean Background Estimation","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2898893","article-title":"A Local Contrast Method Combined with Adaptive Background Estimation for Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2917825","article-title":"Gaussian Scale-Space Enhanced Local Contrast Measure for Small Infrared Target Detection","volume":"17","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7001805","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2024.3449395","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Local Contrast Measure with a Flexible Window","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"7000305","article-title":"Adaptive Scale Patch-Based Contrast Measure for Dim and Small Infrared Target Detection","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3004978","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on the Weighted Strengthened Local Contrast Measure","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505705","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2021.3133649","article-title":"Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Weighted Three-Layer Window Local Contrast","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8000105","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3233958","article-title":"Fast Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Global Contrast Measure Using Dilate Operation","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2616416","article-title":"Effective Infrared Small Target Detection Utilizing a Novel Local Contrast Method","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107727","article-title":"Fast and Robust Small Infrared Target Detection Using Absolute Directional Mean Difference Algorithm","volume":"177","author":"Moradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"291","article-title":"A dataset for infrared image dim-small aircraft target detection and tracking under ground\/air background","volume":"5","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"5002116","article-title":"Multiscale Multilevel Residual Feature Fusion for Real-Time Infrared Small Target Detection","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.11.016","article-title":"Infrared Small-Dim Target Detection Based on Markov Random Field Guided Noise Modeling","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:23:49Z","timestamp":1760113429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16214030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16214030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}