{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:02Z","timestamp":1760146382607,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu University of Technology Postgraduate Innovative Cultivation Program","award":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of the Independent Research Project on Geological Disaster Prevention and Geological Environment Protection","award":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0201","42377199","CDUT2023BJCX008","SKLGP2021Z005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice avalanche (IA) has a strong concealment and sudden characteristics, which can cause severe disasters. The early identification of IA hidden danger is of great value for disaster prevention and mitigation. However, it is very difficult, and there is poor efficiency in identifying it by site investigation or manual remote sensing. So, an artificial intelligence method for the identification of IA hidden dangers using a deep learning model has been proposed, with the glacier area of the Yarlung Tsangpo River Gorge in Nyingchi selected for identification and validation. First, through engineering geological investigations, three key identification indices for IA hidden dangers are established, glacier source, slope angle, and cracks. Sentinel-2A satellite data, Google Earth, and ArcGIS are used to extract these indices and construct a feature dataset for the study and validation area. Next, key performance metrics, such as training accuracy, validation accuracy, test accuracy, and loss rates, are compared to assess the performance of the ResNet50 (Residual Neural Network 50) and VGG16 (Visual Geometry Group 16) models. The VGG16 model (96.09% training accuracy) is selected and optimized, using Early Stopping (ES) to prevent overfitting and L2 regularization techniques (L2) to add weight penalties, which constrained model complexity and enhanced simplicity and generalization, ultimately developing the ES-L2-VGG16 (Early Stopping\u2014L2 Norm Regularization Techniques\u2014Visual Geometry Group 16) model (98.61% training accuracy). Lastly, during the validation phase, the model is applied to the Yarlung Tsangpo River Gorge glacier area on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), identifying a total of 100 IA hidden danger areas, with average slopes ranging between 34\u00b0 and 48\u00b0. The ES-L2-VGG16 model achieves an accuracy of 96% in identifying these hidden danger areas, ensuring the precise identification of IA dangers. This study offers a new intelligent technical method for identifying IA hidden danger, with clear advantages and promising application prospects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"4041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ES-L2-VGG16 Model for Artificial Intelligent Identification of Ice Avalanche Hidden Danger"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daojing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minggao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0677-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanle","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01443-1","article-title":"Integrated risk assessment of glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) disaster over the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau (QTP)","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-023-02125-4","article-title":"Hidden dangers of ice avalanches and glacier lake outburst floods on the Tibetan Plateau: Identification, inventory, and distribution","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-023-8530-7","article-title":"Advances in ice avalanches on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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