{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:41:09Z","timestamp":1768282869084,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MD018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD018"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD015"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["42171413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171413"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2020MD018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2020MD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MD015"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Net primary production (NPP) serves as a critical proxy for monitoring changes in the global capacity for vegetation carbon sequestration. The assessment of the factors (i.e., human activities and climate changes) influencing NPP is of great value for the study of terrestrial systems. To investigate the influence of factors on grassland NPP, the ecologically vulnerable Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau region was considered an appropriate study area for the period from 2000 to 2020. We innovated the use of the RICI index to quantitatively represent human activities and analyzed the effects of RICI and climatic factors on grassland NPP using the geographical detector. In addition, the future NPP was predicted through the integration of two modeling approaches: The Patch-Generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model and the Carnegie\u2013Ames\u2013Stanford Approach (CASA) model. The assessment revealed that the expanded grassland contributed 7.55 \u00d7 104 Gg C (Gg = 109 g) to the total NPP, whereas the deterioration of grassland resulted in a decline of 1.06 \u00d7 105 Gg C. The climatic factor was identified as the dominant factor in grassland restoration, representing 70.85% of the total NPP, as well as the dominant factor in grassland degradation, representing 92.54% of the total NPP. By subdividing the climate change and human activity factors into sub-factors and detecting them with a geographical detector, the results show that climate change and anthropogenic factors have significant ability to explain geographic variation in NPP to a considerable extent, and the effect on NPP is greater when the factors interact. The q-values of the Relative Impact Contribution Index (RICI) and the RICI of the land use change NPP are consistently greater than 0.6, with the RICI of the human management practices NPP and the evapotranspiration remaining at approximately 0.5. The analysis of the interaction between climate and human activity factors reveals an average impact of greater than 0.8. By 2030, the NPP of the natural development scenario, economic development scenario (ED), and ecological protection scenario (EP) show a decreasing trend due to climate change, the dominant factor, causing them to decrease. Human activities play a role in the improvement. The EP indicates a positive expansion in the growth rate of forests, water, and wetlands, while the ED reveals rapid urbanization. It is notable that this is accompanied by a temporary suspension of urban greening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T09:57:36Z","timestamp":1730368656000},"page":"4054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of Human Activities and Climatic Change in Grassland Ecosystems in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5474-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liusheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Tanlong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Dafu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squires, V.R., Dengler, J., Hua, L., and Feng, H. (2018). Grasslands of the World: Diversity, Management and Conservation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315156125"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Jia, L., Cai, L., Wang, Y., Zhan, T., Huang, A., and Fan, D. (2022). Assessment of Grassland Degradation on the Tibetan Plateau Based on Multi-Source Data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236011"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/5\/054019","article-title":"Importance of vegetation dynamics for future terrestrial carbon cycling","volume":"10","author":"Ahlstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12765","article-title":"Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2023.109080","article-title":"Integrated effects of meteorological factors, edaphic moisture, evapotranspiration, and leaf area index on the net primary productivity of Winter wheat\u2212 Summer maize rotation system","volume":"302","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Y., Chen, C., Guo, B., Qi, D., and Luo, Y. (2023). Impacts of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on the Net Primary Productivity of Grassland in the Southeast Tibetan Plateau. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14081217"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108834","article-title":"Assessment of the variation and influencing factors of vegetation NPP and carbon sink capacity under different natural conditions","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.022","article-title":"Impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland vegetation variation in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"660","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108208","article-title":"Monitoring grassland degradation and restoration using a novel climate use efficiency (NCUE) index in the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"131","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111217","article-title":"Assessing direct and indirect impacts of human activities on natural habitats in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2020","volume":"157","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140721","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations and coupling of human activity intensity and ecosystem services based on the four-quadrant model on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"743","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117138","article-title":"The impact of climate change and human activities to vegetation carbon sequestration variation in Sichuan and Chongqing","volume":"238","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.321","article-title":"Spatial variation of human influences on grassland biomass on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau","volume":"665","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lv, C., Pan, X., Liu, Z., Xia, P., Zhang, C., and Liu, Z. (2022). Spatiotemporal Patterns of Light Pollution on the Tibetan Plateau over Three Decades at Multiple Scales: Implications for Conservation of Natural Habitats. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225755"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110147","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of historical and future land-use\/cover change on habitat quality in the urbanizing Lhasa River Basin on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"148","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mao, D. (2014). Quantitative Assessment in the Impacts of Human Activities on Net Primary Productivity of Wetlands in the Northeast China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109896","article-title":"Evaluation of ecological space and ecological quality changes in urban agglomeration on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains","volume":"146","author":"Aizizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700299114","article-title":"Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105559","article-title":"Past and future climatic indicators for distribution pattern and conservation planning of temperate coniferous forests in southwestern China","volume":"107","author":"Dakhil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, D., Fan, B., Lan, Y., Si, M., Li, Q., and Guo, X. (2023). Ecosystem Service Relationships, Drivers, and Regulation Strategies in a Degraded Alpine Shrub Meadow on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Diversity, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050596"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.228","article-title":"Impact and mitigation of global change on freshwater-related ecosystem services in Southern Europe","volume":"651","author":"Gampe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.11.024","article-title":"Mapping the world\u2019s degraded lands","volume":"57","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.11.063","article-title":"Monitoring of lake level changes on the Tibetan Plateau and Tian Shan by retracking Cryosat SARIn waveforms","volume":"521","author":"Kleinherenbrink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.04.005","article-title":"Alpine grasslands response to climatic factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.014","article-title":"Vegetation net primary productivity and its response to climate change during 2001\u20132008 in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"444","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0061-2","article-title":"Monitoring the impact of climate change and human activities on grassland vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China during 2000\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3","article-title":"What is left for our next generation? Integrating ecosystem services into regional policy planning in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0095-y","article-title":"Satellite-indicated long-term vegetation changes and their drivers on the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108010","article-title":"Trends in climate change and human interventions indicate grassland productivity on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau from 1980 to 2015","volume":"129","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102620","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation and prediction of NPP in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by coupling PLUS and CASA models","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30047-7","article-title":"Microbial functional changes mark irreversible course of Tibetan grassland degradation","volume":"13","author":"Breidenbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110509","article-title":"Assessment of multiple factors and interactions affecting grassland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Du, Y. (2019). Prefecture-Level Adminstrative Units Boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2015), National Tibetan Plateau\/Third Pole Environment Data Center."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.03.033","article-title":"Tackling on environmental changes in Tibetan Plateau with focus on water, ecosystem and adaptation","volume":"64","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0057.1","article-title":"Recent third pole\u2019s rapid warming accompanies cryospheric melt and water cycle intensification and interactions between monsoon and environment: Multidisciplinary approach with observations, modeling, and analysis","volume":"100","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1087-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in the net primary production of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau since 1982","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., and Lu, C. (2021). Quantifying grass coverage trends to identify the hot plots of grassland degradation in the Tibetan Plateau during 2000\u20132019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020416"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110471","article-title":"Exploring quantification and analyzing driving force for spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of vegetation net primary productivity in Shandong Province, China","volume":"153","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134304","article-title":"Impact of human activities and climate change on the grassland dynamics under different regime policies in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"698","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"237","article-title":"Modeling the primary productivity of the world","volume":"8","author":"Lieth","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation NPP in Shaanxi Province","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"271","article-title":"Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability?","volume":"68","author":"Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"A case study in South Africa. J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100082","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change and drivers analysis of desertification in the arid region of northwest China based on Geographic Detector","volume":"4","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101569","article-title":"Understanding the drivers of sustainable land expansion using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model: A case study in Wuhan, China","volume":"85","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106507","article-title":"Effect of land-use change and optimization on the ecosystem service values of Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(90)90158-L","article-title":"High agreement but low kappa: I","volume":"43","author":"Feinstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"The problems of two paradoxes. J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139899","article-title":"Scenario-based flood risk assessment for urbanizing deltas using future land-use simulation (FLUS): Guangzhou Metropolitan Area as a case study","volume":"739","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2007.0050","article-title":"Remote sensing simulation of net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation in China","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107641","article-title":"Afforestation-driven increases in terrestrial gross primary productivity are partly offset by urban expansion in Southwest China","volume":"127","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pld.2020.04.004","article-title":"Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography","volume":"42","author":"Asefa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Divers."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Pfeiffer, M., Dulamsuren, C., J\u00e4schke, Y., and Wesche, K. (2018). Grasslands of China and Mongolia: Spatial extent, land use and conservation. Grasslands of the World: Diversity, Management and Conservation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhou, L., Yang, G., Guo, R., Xia, C., and Liu, Y. (2020). Performance and obstacle tracking to natural forest resource protection project: A rangers\u2019 case of Qilian mountain, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165672"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139370","article-title":"Changes in nutrient balance, environmental efects, and green development afer returning farmland to forests: A case study in Ningxia, China","volume":"735","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Q., Luo, L., Zhao, W., Zhuang, Y., and Liu, F. (2021). Mapping and evaluating human pressure changes in the Qilian mountains. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122400"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ15040","article-title":"Rangeland responses to pastoralists\u2019 grazing management on a Tibetan steppe grassland, Qinghai Province, China","volume":"38","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.109945","article-title":"Integrated assessments of land degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Xie, B., and Zhang, D. (2022). Spatial\u2013temporal evolution of ESV and its response to land use change in the Yellow River Basin, China. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17464-w"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-022-1077-y","article-title":"Projected land use changes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"11","article-title":"Temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and relationships of land use pattern and ecosystem services in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"34","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12915","article-title":"A two-fold increase of carbon cycle sensitivity to tropical temperature variations","volume":"506","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-017-0022-6","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of human activities and climate variations on grassland productivity by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","volume":"9","author":"Sha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140649","article-title":"Unraveling the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland productivity in Central Asia over last three decades","volume":"743","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Ding, Q., Meng, B., Lv, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, X., Sun, Y., Li, M., and Yi, S. (2021). The relative contributions of climate and grazing on the dynamics of grassland NPP and PUE on the qinghai-Tibet plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173424"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Zhai, L., Sang, H., Cheng, S., and Li, H. (2023). Effects of hydrothermal factors and human activities on the vegetation coverage of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39761-8"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e02709","article-title":"The spatiotemporal pattern of grassland NPP in Inner Mongolia was more sensitive to moisture and human activities than that in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pasquale, G., Saracino, A., Bosso, L., Russo, D., Moroni, A., Bonanomi, G., and Allevato, E. (2020). Coastal Pine-Oak Glacial Refugia in the Mediterranean Basin: A Biogeographic Approach Based on Charcoal Analysis and Spatial Modelling. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11060673"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Zu, J., and Zhang, J. (2016). The influences of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.067","article-title":"The impacts of climate change and human activities on alpine vegetation and permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor","volume":"93","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302449","article-title":"Climate contributions to vegetation variations in central Asian Drylands: Pre-and post-USSR collapse","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3322-6","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation","volume":"72","author":"Gang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-015-3232-7","article-title":"Climatic controls of aboveground net primary production in semi-arid grasslands along a latitudinal gradient portend low sensitivity to warming","volume":"177","author":"Mowll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Li, X., Luo, D., He, Y., Chen, F., Zhang, B., and Qin, Q. (2021). Spatiotemporal pattern of vegetation ecology quality and its response to climate change between 2000\u20132017 in China. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031419"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.007","article-title":"Global change effects on land management in the Mediterranean region","volume":"50","author":"Malek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.01.007","article-title":"Land system evolution of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under various development strategies","volume":"104","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2021.101254","article-title":"Simultaneous enhancement of ecosystem services and poverty reduction through adjustments to subsidy policies relating to grassland use in Tibet, China","volume":"48","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014724","article-title":"Accelerated lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau in the 2000s: Induced by glacial melting or other processes?","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06803-190408","article-title":"Vulnerability of the Tibetan Pastoral Systems to Climate and Global Change","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3167\/082279405781826155","article-title":"A review of rangeland privatization and its implications in the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nomadic Peoples"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5958\/2278-4853.2020.00277.3","article-title":"The role of nomadic peoples in the development of ustrushona urban development","volume":"9","author":"Furqat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Multidimens. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Dogra, P.K., Kumari, V.S.A., and Thakur, A. (2020). Enhancing Profitability of Nomadic Gaddi Goat Production System for Augmenting Farmer\u2019s Income, The Indian Society of Animal Production and Management."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anees, M.M., Mann, D., Sharma, M., Banzhaf, E., and Joshi, P.K. (2020). Assessment of Urban Dynamics to Understand Spatiotemporal Differentiation at Various Scales Using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Tools. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081306"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"415","article-title":"Characteristic analysis of land cover change in nature reserve of Three River\u2019s Source Regions","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110610","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of spatiotemporal changes and driving forces of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) in the Qimeng region of Inner Mongolia","volume":"154","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Yang, D., and Wang, F. (2015). The Application and Research of Mathematical Model in Ecology 30, China Ocean Press."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0460-2","article-title":"Net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems from 2000 to 2009","volume":"115","author":"Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28305-9","article-title":"Vegetation-based climate mitigation in a warmer and greener World","volume":"13","author":"Alkama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, R., Bento, V.A., Leng, S., Qi, J., Zeng, J., and Wang, Q. (2022). The effect of drought on vegetation gross primary productivity under different vegetation types across China from 2001 to 2020. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184658"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002564","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002564","article-title":"Effects of vegetation changes and multiple environmental factors on evapotranspiration across China over the past 34 years","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2014.12.001","article-title":"Multilevel modeling of NPP change and impacts of water resources in the Lower Heihe River Basin","volume":"79","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110326","article-title":"Spatio-temporal evolution of agricultural land use change drivers: A case study from Chalous region, Iran","volume":"262","author":"Alijani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14-00110.1","article-title":"Spatial-temporal NDVI variation of different alpine grassland classes and groups in Northern Tibet from 2000 to 2013","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19559","article-title":"Quantification of rainfall, temperature, and reference evapotranspiration trend and their interrelationship in sub-climatic zones of Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107184","article-title":"Runoff variations affected by climate change and human activities in Yarlung Zangbo River, southeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"230","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"e02550","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of Gross Primary Production in the Yellow River Basin of China under the influence of climate-driven and human-activity","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111018","article-title":"Quantifying the impacts of natural and human factors on changes in NPP using an optimal parameters-based geographical detector","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172404","article-title":"How many people can the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hold, and how large cities can be built in recent hundred years?","volume":"927","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.11.002","article-title":"Excessive reliance on afforestation in China\u2019s arid and semi-arid regions: Lessons in ecological restoration","volume":"104","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"132","article-title":"Study on the regulatory behaviors of grazing households to maintain grassland\u2013livestock balance under the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Yu, H., Liu, Q., and Xu, L. (2021). Land use-driven changes in ecosystem service values and simulation of future scenarios: A case study of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074079"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:25:10Z","timestamp":1760113510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16214054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16214054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}}}