{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:39:14Z","timestamp":1766050754202,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"]}]},{"name":"Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies by CNAS","award":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503100","42273039","D020201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Apollo basin is a well-preserved double-ringed impact basin located on the northeastern edge of the South Pole\u2013Aitken (SPA) basin. The Apollo basin has been flooded and filled with large volumes of mare lavas, indicating an active volcanism history. Based on orbital data, we reveal that the Apollo basin exhibits an overall asymmetric configuration in the distribution of mare basalts as well as its topography, chemical compositions, and crustal thickness. The Apollo basin is an excellent example for assessing the influences of the above factors on mare basalts petrogenesis and evaluating mare basalt genesis models. It was found that the generation of mare basalt magmas and their emplacement in the Apollo basin seems to be strongly related to local thin crust (&lt;30 km), but the formation of basaltic magmas should be independent of the decompression melting because the mare units (3.34\u20131.79 Ga) are much younger than the pre-Nectarian Apollo basin. The mare basalts filled in the Apollo basin exhibits a large variation of TiO2 abundances, indicating the heterogeneity of mantle sources, which is possible due to the lunar mantle overturn after the LMO solidification or the impact-induced mantle convection and migration. However, the prolonged mare volcanic history of the Apollo basin is not well explained, especially considering the low Th abundance (&lt;2 ppm) of this region. In addition, the central mare erupted earlier than other mare units within the Apollo basin, which seems to contradict the predictions of the postbasin loading-induced stresses model. Laboratory investigations of the Chang\u2019E-6 mare basalt samples could possibly answer the above questions and provide new insight into the mare volcanic history of the lunar farside and the connections between mare volcanism and impact basin formation\/evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:31:32Z","timestamp":1730377892000},"page":"4078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mare Volcanism in Apollo Basin Evaluating the Mare Basalt Genesis Models on the Moon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8818-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyue","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2023.89.11","article-title":"Lunar Mare Basaltic Volcanism: Volcanic Features and Emplacement Processes","volume":"89","author":"Head","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2014.11.027","article-title":"Lunar cryptomaria: Mineralogy and composition of ancient volcanic deposits","volume":"106","author":"Whitten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1029\/RG014i002p00265","article-title":"Lunar volcanism in space and time","volume":"14","author":"Head","year":"1976","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.05.031","article-title":"Generation, ascent and eruption of magma on the Moon: New insights into source depths, magma supply, intrusions and effusive\/explosive eruptions (Part 2: Predicted emplacement processes and observations)","volume":"283","author":"Head","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB04p02971","article-title":"Ascent and eruption of basaltic magma on the Earth and Moon","volume":"86","author":"Wilson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL078327","article-title":"Controls on Lunar Basaltic Volcanic Eruption Structure and Morphology: Gas Release Patterns in Sequential Eruption Phases","volume":"45","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90183-J","article-title":"Lunar mare volcanism: Stratigraphy, eruption conditions, and the evolution of secondary crusts","volume":"56","author":"Head","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4.28","DOI":"10.1093\/astrogeo\/att121","article-title":"Lunar meteorites: New insights into the geological history of the Moon","volume":"54","author":"Joy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Astron. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90185-L","article-title":"The isotopic record of lunar volcanism","volume":"56","author":"Nyquist","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JE001985","article-title":"Ages and stratigraphy of mare basalts in Oceanus Procellarum, Mare Nubium, Mare Cognitum, and Mare Insularum","volume":"108","author":"Hiesinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrose, W.A., and Williams, D.A. (2011). Ages and stratigraphy of lunar mare basalts: A synthesis. Recent Advances and Current Research Issues in Lunar Stratigraphy, Geological Society of America.","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE477"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.01.012","article-title":"Trace-element modelling of mare basalt parental melts: Implications for a heterogeneous lunar mantle","volume":"134","author":"Hallis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90184-K","article-title":"Petrogenesis of mare basalts: A record of lunar volcanism","volume":"56","author":"Neal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-022-01862-1","article-title":"Mineralogy and chronology of the young mare volcanism in the Procellarum-KREEP-Terrane","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.06.013","article-title":"Lunar mare TiO2 abundances estimated from UV\/Vis reflectance","volume":"296","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2006.60.4","article-title":"Thermal and Magmatic Evolution of the Moon","volume":"60","author":"Shearer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2018.02.007","article-title":"The Apollo peak-ring impact basin: Insights into the structure and evolution of the South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"306","author":"Potter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, X., Head, J.W., Qian, Y., Zhao, W., Liu, J., Gao, Y., and Wu, B. (2024, January 11\u201315). Possible Lithological Types and Scientific Significance of the Sample to be Returned by Chang\u2019E-6 Mission. Proceedings of the 55th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005590","article-title":"Geologic History of the Northern Portion of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon","volume":"123","author":"Ivanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.07.023","article-title":"Lunar farside volcanism in and around the South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"299","author":"Pasckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2024.118737","article-title":"Long-lasting farside volcanism in the Apollo basin: Chang\u2019e-6 landing site","volume":"637","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JE005246","article-title":"Lateral heterogeneity of lunar volcanic activity according to volumes of mare basalts in the farside basins","volume":"122","author":"Taguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Meyer, C. (2024, September 05). Lunar Sample Compendium, Available online: https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/api\/citations\/20090041867\/downloads\/20090041867.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab188","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab188","article-title":"Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9634-2","article-title":"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Instrument Overview","volume":"150","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-009-9512-y","article-title":"The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Investigation on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Sato, H., Hapke, B., and Robinson, M.S. (2021, January 15\u201319). New Extended Range WAC TiO2 Map of the Moon. Proceedings of the 52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JE001530","article-title":"Iron abundances on the lunar surface as measured by the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers","volume":"107","author":"Lawrence","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12007","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002656","article-title":"Elemental composition of the lunar surface: Analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar Prospector","volume":"111","author":"Prettyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5102","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002050","article-title":"Small-area thorium features on the lunar surface","volume":"108","author":"Lawrence","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231507","article-title":"Gravity Field of the Moon from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission","volume":"339","author":"Zuber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231530","article-title":"The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL","volume":"339","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hiesinger, H., van der Bogert, C.H., Pasckert, J.H., Schmedemann, N., Robinson, M.S., Jolliff, B., and Petro, N. (2012, January 19\u201323). New Crater Size-Frequency Distribution Measurements of the South Pole-Aitken Basin. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005451","article-title":"Ancient Bombardment of the Inner Solar System: Reinvestigation of the \u201cFingerprints\u201d of Different Impactor Populations on the Lunar Surface","volume":"123","author":"Orgel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005364","article-title":"The Character of South Pole-Aitken Basin: Patterns of Surface and Subsurface Composition","volume":"123","author":"Pieters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-023-02038-1","article-title":"Landing site of the Chang\u2019e-6 lunar farside sample return mission from the Apollo basin","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10909","DOI":"10.1029\/97JE00717","article-title":"Volumes of lunar lava ponds in South Pole-Aitken and Orientale Basins: Implications for eruption conditions, transport mechanisms, and magma source regions","volume":"102","author":"Yingst","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29239","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001244","article-title":"Ages of mare basalts on the lunar nearside","volume":"105","author":"Hiesinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kodama, S., and Yamaguchi, Y. (2005, January 14\u201318). Mare Volcanism on the Moon Inferred from Clementine UVVIS Data. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League City, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.028","article-title":"Timing and characteristics of the latest mare eruption on the Moon","volume":"302","author":"Morota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1029\/JB085iB07p03913","article-title":"Late high-titanium basalts of the Western Maria: Geology of the Flamsteed REgion of Oceanus Procellarum","volume":"85","author":"Pieters","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"100663","article-title":"Geological context of the Chang\u2019E-6 landing area and implications for sample analysis","volume":"5","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20417","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001092","article-title":"The \u201cProcellarum KREEP Terrane\u201d: Implications for mare volcanism and lunar evolution","volume":"105","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagerty, J.J., Lawrence, D.J., and Hawke, B.R. (2011). Thorium abundances of basalt ponds in South Pole-Aitken basin: Insights into the composition and evolution of the far side lunar mantle. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003723"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JE005935","article-title":"Potassium and Thorium Abundances at the South Pole-Aitken Basin Obtained by the Kaguya Gamma-Ray Spectrometer","volume":"124","author":"Naito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Solomon, S.C. (1975, January 17\u201321). Mare Volcanism and Lunar Crustal Structure. Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(00)00355-1","article-title":"The role of magma buoyancy on the eruption of lunar basalts","volume":"185","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E00G09","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JE003736","article-title":"Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1","volume":"116","author":"Whitten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00824-5","article-title":"Impact induced melting and the development of large igneous provinces","volume":"202","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.07.029","article-title":"Giant meteoroid impacts can cause volcanism","volume":"239","author":"Hager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2024.118986","article-title":"Geological investigation of the lunar Apollo basin: From surface composition to interior structure","volume":"646","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001103","article-title":"Major lunar crustal terranes: Surface expressions and crust-mantle origins","volume":"105","author":"Jolliff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl7957","article-title":"Age and composition of young basalts on the Moon, measured from samples returned by Chang\u2019E-5","volume":"374","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04100-2","article-title":"Two-billion-year-old volcanism on the Moon from Chang\u2019E-5 basalts","volume":"600","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2009.02.002","article-title":"Duration and extent of lunar volcanism: Comparison of 3D convection models to mare basalt ages","volume":"57","author":"Ziethe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2018.05.006","article-title":"Crystallization of the lunar magma ocean and the primordial mantle-crust differentiation of the Moon","volume":"234","author":"Charlier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2011.02.004","article-title":"The lunar magma ocean: Reconciling the solidification process with lunar petrology and geochronology","volume":"304","author":"Burgess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JE008239","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JE008239","article-title":"Experimental Constraints on the Origin of the Lunar High-Ti Basalts","volume":"129","author":"Haupt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(95)00138-3","article-title":"A model for the thermal and chemical evolution of the Moon\u2019s interior: Implications for the onset of mare volcanism","volume":"134","author":"Hess","year":"1995","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.04.045","article-title":"Experimental constraints on the solidification of a nominally dry lunar magma ocean","volume":"471","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/maps.13086","article-title":"Fractional crystallization of the lunar magma ocean: Updating the dominant paradigm","volume":"53","author":"Rapp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meteorit. Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90172-F","article-title":"A chemical model for generating the sources of mare basalts: Combined equilibrium and fractional crystallization of the lunar magmasphere","volume":"56","author":"Snyder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL099066","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099066","article-title":"Experimental Evidence Supporting an Overturned Iron-Titanium-Rich Melt Layer in the Deep Lunar Interior","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"McGovern, P.J., and Litherland, M.M. (2010, January 1\u20135). Loading Stresses and Magma Ascent In and Around Large Lunar Impact Basins: Scenarios for the Emplacement of Mare Basalts. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1029\/JB084iB04p01667","article-title":"Vertical movement in mare basins: Relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history","volume":"84","author":"Solomon","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00872-4","article-title":"Lunar compositional asymmetry explained by mantle overturn following the South Pole\u2013Aitken impact","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:26:07Z","timestamp":1760113567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16214078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16214078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}}}