{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:14:09Z","timestamp":1776132849209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric correction, the removal of the atmospheric signal from a satellite image, still poses a challenge over optically complex coastal water. Here, we present the first atmospheric correction validation study performed in optically complex Norwegian fjords. We compare in situ reflectance measurements and chlorophyll-a concentrations from Western Norwegian fjords with atmospherically corrected Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument observations and chlorophyll-a retrievals. Measurements were taken in Hardangerfjord, Bj\u00f8rnafjord and M\u00f8kstrafjord during a bright green coccolithophore bloom in May 2022, and during a period of no apparent discoloration in April 2023. Coccolithophore blooms generally peak in the blue region (490 nm), but spectra measured in this bloom peaked in the green region (559 nm), possibly due to absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM(440) = 0.18 \u00b1 0.01 m\u22121) or due to high cell counts (up to 15 million cells\/L). We tested a wide range of atmospheric correction algorithms, including ACOLITE, BAC, C2RCC, iCOR, L2gen, POLYMER and the SNAP Rayleigh correction. Surprisingly, atmospheric correction algorithms generally performed better during the bloom (average MAE = 1.25) rather than in the less scattering water in the following year (average MAE = 4.67), possibly because the high water-leaving radiances due to the high backscattering by coccolithophores outweighed the adjacency effect. However, atmospheric correction algorithms consistently underestimated water-leaving reflectance in the bloom. In non-bloom matchups, most atmospheric correction algorithms overestimated the water-leaving reflectance. POLYMER appears unsuitable for use over coccolithophore blooms but performed well in non-bloom matchups. Neither BAC, used in the official Level-2 OLCI products, nor C2RCC performed well in the bloom. Nine chlorophyll-a retrieval algorithms, including two algorithms based on neural nets, four based on red and near-infrared bands and three maximum band-ratio algorithms, were also tested. Most chlorophyll-a retrieval algorithms did not perform well in either year, although several did perform within the 70% accuracy threshold for case-2 waters. A red-edge algorithm performed best in the coccolithophore blooms, while a maximum band-ratio algorithm performed best in the following year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T04:59:54Z","timestamp":1730437194000},"page":"4082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Testing the Limits of Atmospheric Correction over Turbid Norwegian Fjords"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2946-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elinor","family":"Tessin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rge","family":"Hamre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne Skodvin","family":"Kristoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1126\/science.210.4465.60","article-title":"Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner: System Description and Initial Imagery","volume":"210","author":"Hovis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2013.810759","article-title":"Diverse and Vulnerable Deep-Water Biotopes in the Hardangerfjord","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. 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