{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1774609662561,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX21_0615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX21_0615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Postgraduate Research and Innovation Program","award":["41971057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971057"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Postgraduate Research and Innovation Program","award":["KYCX21_0615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX21_0615"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topography is one of the dominant factors in regional soil formation and development. Soil distribution has a certain pattern from high to low in space, and this pattern has a high degree of consistency with slope position. Most of the current research on soil mapping uses landscape types generated by existing methods directly as environmental covariates, and there are few landscape classification methods specifically oriented toward soil surveys. There is rarely any research on landform classification using relative slope position (RSP) and elevation. Therefore, we designed a landform classification method based on RSP and elevation, Terrainforms (TF), and combined the landform type with land use type to construct soil\u2013landscape units for soil type and attribute spatial prediction. In this study, two commonly used landform classification methods, Geomorphons and Landforms, were also used to compare with this design method. It was found that the constructed soil\u2013landscape units had a high consistency with the soil spatial distribution. The landform types based on RSP and elevation obtained the second-highest prediction accuracy in both soil type and soil organic carbon (SOC), and the constructed soil\u2013landscape types obtained the highest prediction accuracy. The results show that the landform classification method based on RSP and elevation is not easily limited by the analysis scale, and is an efficient and accurate landform classification method. The TF landform type and its constructed soil\u2013landscape types can be used as an important environmental variable in soil prediction and sampling, which can provide some guidance and reference for landform classification and digital soil mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1730462023000},"page":"4090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Constructing Soil\u2013Landscape Units Based on Slope Position and Land Use to Improve Soil Prediction Accuracy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Changda","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0617-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fubin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaofu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Staff, S.S.D. 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