{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:07:10Z","timestamp":1771034830437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42192553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41805071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41805071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX24_1413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX24_1413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["42192553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192553"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["41805071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41805071"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX24_1413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX24_1413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite data play an irreplaceable role in global observation data systems. Effective comprehensive application of satellite products will inevitably improve numerical weather prediction. FengYun-4 (FY-4) series satellites can provide not only radiance data but also retrieval data with high temporal and spatial resolutions. To evaluate the potential benefits of the combination application of FY-4 Advanced Geostationary Radiance Imager (AGRI) products on Typhoon Saola analysis and forecast, two group of experiments are set up with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Compared with the benchmark experiment, whose sea surface temperature (SST) is from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, the SST replacement experiments with FY-4 A\/B SST products significantly improve the track and precipitation forecast, especially with the FY-4B SST product. Based on the above results, AGRI clear-sky and all-sky assimilations with FY-4B SST are implemented with a self-constructed AGRI assimilation module. The results show that the AGRI all-sky assimilation experiment can obtain better analyses and forecasts. Furthermore, it is proven that the combination application of AGRI radiance and SST products is beneficial for typhoon prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1730713974000},"page":"4105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Combination Application of FY-4 Satellite Products on Typhoon Saola Forecast on the Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1961-0885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingying","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03906","article-title":"Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30 Years","volume":"436","author":"Emanuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-019-0809-1","article-title":"Impact Assessment of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones: Introduction to the Special Issue","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1494-8","article-title":"Tracking a Tropical Cyclone through WRF\u2013ARW Simulation and Sensitivity of Model Physics","volume":"76","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-18-0150.1","article-title":"Numerical Simulations of Typhoon Hagupit (2008) Using WRF","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-22-3285-2022","article-title":"Sensitivity of Simulating Typhoon Haiyan (2013) Using WRF: The Role of Cumulus Convection, Surface Flux Parameterizations, Spectral Nudging, and Initial and Boundary Conditions","volume":"22","author":"Delfino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-019-9126-6","article-title":"Uncertainty in Tropical Cyclone Intensity Predictions Due to Uncertainty in Initial Conditions","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-10-05018.1","article-title":"Diagnosing Initial Condition Sensitivity of Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) and Hurricane Ike (2008)","volume":"139","author":"Komaromi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC2038.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of Typhoon Track Predictions in a Regional Prediction System to Initial and Lateral Boundary Conditions","volume":"48","author":"Hsiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Observing-System Experiments in the ECMWF 4D-Var Data Assimilation System","volume":"127","author":"Bouttier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106391","article-title":"Improving Typhoon Predictions by Assimilating the Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles from the FengYun-4A\u2019s Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS)","volume":"280","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00020.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Track and Intensity Forecasts of Typhoon Megi (2010) to Satellite-Derived Atmospheric Motion Vectors with the Ensemble Kalman Filter","volume":"29","author":"Kieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EA001628","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001628","article-title":"Assessment of FY-2G Atmospheric Motion Vector Data and Assimilating Impacts on Typhoon Forecasts","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Assimilation of TOVS Radiance Information through One-Dimensional Variational Analysis","volume":"119","author":"Eyre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3654","article-title":"Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction. Part I: The Early Years","volume":"146","author":"Eyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-21-1569-2021","article-title":"Assimilation of Himawari-8 Imager Radiance Data with the WRF-3DVAR System for the Prediction of Typhoon Soudelor","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30917","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v68.30917","article-title":"AMSR2 All-Sky Radiance Assimilation and Its Impact on the Analysis and Forecast of Hurricane Sandy with a Limited-Area Data Assimilation System","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tellus A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Zhang, X., Li, H., Wu, H., Shen, F., Shu, A., Wang, Y., and Zhuang, X. (2021). Evaluation of the Simulation of Typhoon Lekima (2019) Based on Different Physical Parameterization Schemes and FY-3D Satellite\u2019s MWHS-2 Data Assimilation. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224556"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0357.1","article-title":"Assimilating All-Sky Himawari-8 Satellite Infrared Radiances: A Case of Typhoon Soudelor (2015)","volume":"146","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EA001517","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001517","article-title":"Impact of Assimilation of Satellite Retrieved Ocean Surface Winds on the Tropical Cyclone Simulations Over the North Indian Ocean","volume":"8","author":"Bhate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01277501","article-title":"The Formation of Tropical Cyclones","volume":"67","author":"Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9051-8","article-title":"Impact of Sea Surface Temperature in Modulating Movement and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones","volume":"41","author":"Mandal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2617:NSOTIO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Translating Tropical Cyclones","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2004)061<0843:ECOTCI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity","volume":"61","author":"Emanuel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-022-01816-1","article-title":"Impacts of Sea-Surface Temperatures on Rapid Intensification and Mature Phases of Super Cyclone Amphan (2020)","volume":"131","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9699-y","article-title":"Impact of Satellite Observed Microwave SST on the Simulation of Tropical Cyclones","volume":"58","author":"Bongirwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., and Li, J. (2023). Assessment of FY-3D SST Data on Typhoon In-Fa Simulation. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010101"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0065.1","article-title":"Introducing the New Generation of Chinese Geostationary Weather Satellites, Fengyun-4","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012027","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2400\/1\/012027","article-title":"Typhoon Identification and Positioning Using the FY-4A AGRI Thermal Infrared Data","volume":"2400","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5890794","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5890794","article-title":"Typhoon Cloud System Identification and Forecasting Using the Feng-Yun 4A\/Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager Based on an Improved Fuzzy Clustering and Optical Flow Method","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106556","article-title":"Assimilation of Clear-Sky FY-4A AGRI Radiances within the WRFDA System for the Prediction of a Landfalling Typhoon Hagupit (2020)","volume":"283","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Xu, D., Liu, R., and Shen, F. (2022). Impacts of FY-4A AGRI Radiance Data Assimilation on the Forecast of the Super Typhoon \u201cIn-Fa\u201d (2021). Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194718"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024JD040784","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD040784","article-title":"Impacts of Assimilating All-Sky FY-4A AGRI Satellite Infrared Radiances on the Prediction of Super Typhoon In-Fa During the Period With Abnormal Changes","volume":"129","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"267","article-title":"Evaluation and Improvement of FY-4A\/AGRI Sea Surface Temperature Data. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Cui, P., and Chen, Y. (2024). Quality Assessment of Operational Sea Surface Temperature Product from FY-4B\/AGRI with In Situ and OSTIA Data. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152769"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Guan, L., and Sun, X. (2023). Comparison of FY-4A\/AGRI SST with Himawari-8\/AHI and In Situ SST. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174139"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0897:ATVDAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation System for MM5: Implementation and Initial Results","volume":"132","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The National Meteorological Center\u2019s Spectral Statistical-Interpolation Analysis System","volume":"120","author":"Parrish","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JD039063","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD039063","article-title":"Impact of a New Bias Correction Predictor for FY-4A AGRI All-Sky Data Assimilation on Typhoon Forecast","volume":"128","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JGR Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4544","article-title":"Assimilating FY3D-MWRI 23.8 GHz Observations in the CMA-GFS 4DVAR System Based on a Pseudo All-Sky Data Assimilation Method","volume":"149","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3022","article-title":"Evaluation of Radiance Simulation for All-sky Assimilation of Himawari-8 AHI in a Mesoscale NWP System","volume":"143","author":"Okamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Dee, D. (July, January 28). Variational Bias Correction of Radiance Data in the ECMWF System. Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Assimilation of High Spectral Resolution Sounders in NWP, Reading, UK."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.56","article-title":"Adaptive Bias Correction for Satellite Data in a Numerical Weather Prediction System","volume":"133","author":"McNally","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C., Klemp, J.B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J.G., Duda, M.G., and Barker, D.M. (2021). A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4.3. Natl. Cent. Atmos. Res., 145."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"802","article-title":"Study on the calculation method of the steering flow of typhoon Lekima","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:27:29Z","timestamp":1760113649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/21\/4105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16214105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16214105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]}}}