{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:29Z","timestamp":1760146469431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Program of China","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}]},{"name":"Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010144","name":"Chengdu University of Information technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter","award":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3906000","2023NSFSC0747","2023-YF09-00013-SN","42020104008","KYTZ202230"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A four-quadrant wind imaging interferometer is a new generation of wind imaging interferometer with the valuable features of being monolithic, compact, light, and insensitive to temporal variations in the source. Its applications include remote sensing of the wind field of the upper atmosphere and observing important dynamical processes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In this paper, we describe a new phase step determination approach based on the Lissajous figure, which provides an efficient, accurate, and visual method for the characterization and calibration of this type of instrument. Using the data from wavelength or thermal fringe scanning, the phase steps, relative intensities, and instrument visibilities of four quadrants can be retrieved simultaneously. A general model for the four-quadrant wind imaging interferometer is described and the noise sensitivity of this method is analyzed. This approach was successfully implemented with four-quadrant wind imaging interferometer prototypes, and its feasibility was experimentally verified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16214108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T09:52:54Z","timestamp":1730713974000},"page":"4108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficient Phase Step Determination Approach for Four-Quadrant Wind Imaging Interferometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1448-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Chunmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"School of Physics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"School of Physics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shepherd, G.G. 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