{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:24:25Z","timestamp":1772249065273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42075080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42305081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42365011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42365011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024RC3141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RC3141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZK23-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK23-55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["42075080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075080"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["42305081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305081"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["42365011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42365011"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2024RC3141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RC3141"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["ZK23-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK23-55"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["42075080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075080"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["42305081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305081"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["42365011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42365011"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["2024RC3141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024RC3141"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["ZK23-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK23-55"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The microphysical characteristics of precipitation and their differences among four typical weather systems over Hainan Island were investigated via multi-source observations from 2019 to 2023. We find that the cold fronts (CFs) have the greatest concentration of small raindrops, with a more substantial raindrop condensation process. The subtropical highs (SHs), with primarily deep convection and more prominent evaporation at low levels, lead to greater medium-to-large raindrops (diameters &gt; 1 mm). Tropical cyclones (TCs) are characterized mainly by raindrop condensation and breakup, resulting in high concentrations of small raindrops and low concentrations of large raindrops. The trough of low pressures (TLPs) produces the lowest concentration of small raindrops because of evaporation processes. The convective clusters of the SHs are between maritime-like and continental-like convective clusters, and those of the other three types of weather systems are closer to maritime-like convective clusters. The relationships between the shape parameter (\u03bc) and the slope parameter (\u039b), as well as between the reflectivity factors (Z) and the rain rates (R), were established for the four weather systems. These results could improve the accuracy of radar quantitative precipitation estimation and the microphysical parameterizations of numerical models for Hainan Island.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T11:13:37Z","timestamp":1730891617000},"page":"4144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation for Four Types of Typical Weather Systems on Hainan Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wupeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hepeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuhang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqiong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Institute of Meteorological Science, Haikou 570100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-013-1909-3","article-title":"Role of Interaction between Dynamics, Thermodynamics and Cloud Microphysics on Summer Monsoon Precipitating Clouds over the Myanmar Coast and the Western Ghats","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. 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