{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:27:36Z","timestamp":1770424056349,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an important part of the urban ecosystem, urban green space provides a variety of ecosystem services, including climate regulation, soil conservation, carbon sink and oxygen release, and biodiversity protection. However, existing remote sensing evaluation methods for ecological service value lack the evaluation indicators of ecosystem service value for Guangzhou, China, and the evaluation method depends on the land cover type. Based on remote sensing technology and random forest algorithm, this study addresses these gaps by integrating remote sensing technology with a random forest algorithm to enhance the accuracy and rationality of ESV assessments. Focusing on Guangzhou, China, we improved the ecological service value evaluation system and conducted dynamic predictions based on land-use change scenarios. Our results indicate that the total ESV of Guangzhou\u2019s green space was USD 7.323 billion in 2020, with a projected decline to USD 6.496 billion by 2030, representing a 12.37% reduction due to urbanization-driven land-use changes. This research highlights the noticeable role of green spaces in urban sustainability and provides robust, data-driven insights for policymakers to design more effective green space protection and management strategies. The improved assessment framework offers a novel approach for accurately quantifying urban ecosystem services and predicting future trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T11:59:17Z","timestamp":1731067157000},"page":"4180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment and Dynamic Prediction of Green Space Ecological Service Value in Guangzhou City, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6056-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhefan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaokang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5334-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Jiahe","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4307.960","article-title":"How Much Are Nature\u2019s Services Worth?","volume":"197","author":"Westman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The Value of the World\u2019s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2295","article-title":"Improvements in Ecosystem Services from Investments in Natural Capital","volume":"352","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.07.002","article-title":"Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Services in Mediterranean Areas. A Regional Case Study in South Spain","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109526","article-title":"Urban Land Use Change Simulation and Spatial Responses of Ecosystem Service Value Under Multiple Scenarios: A Case Study of Wuhan, China","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"142","article-title":"Estimation of Ecosystem Service Value and Function Assessment of Urban Green Space: A Case Study of Nanjing","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1949","article-title":"Assessment of Ecosystem Service Value of Resource-Based Cities in China: Based on the Perspective of Meta Model","volume":"45","author":"Jie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arid Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"102379","article-title":"A Seamless Economical Feature Extraction Method Using Landsat Time Series Data. Int. J","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, H., Yang, G., and Chen, W. (2023). Ecosystem Service Function Supply\u2013Demand Evaluation of Urban Functional Green Space Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010118"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Xue, W., Kang, D., and Peng, Z. (2024). Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values of Urban Wetland: Taking East Lake Scenic Area in Wuhan as an Example. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13071013"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3855","article-title":"Assessing Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces: A Remote Sensing Approach","volume":"12","author":"Alavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101073","article-title":"Emergy-Based Ecosystem Services Valuation and Classification Management Applied to China\u2019s Grasslands","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"111","article-title":"Assessment of Ecological Service Value of Important Reservoir Water Sources: A Case Study of Zhushuqiao Reservoir","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pearl River"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"112","article-title":"Assessment of Ecosystem Service Value of Green Space in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Zunyi City Center","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Protect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Shen, J., Sun, F., and Wang, S. (2023). Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors Analysis of Ecosystem Services Value: A Case Study in Sunan Canal Basin of Jiangsu Province, Eastern China. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010112"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaman-ul-Haq, M., Kanwal, A., Gardezi, A.A., Fatima, H., Saqib, Z., Bokhari, S.A., Nasr, E.A., Ahmad, S., and Shafiq, M. (2022). Assessing Spatial-Temporal Changes in Monetary Values of Urban Ecosystem Services through Remotely Sensed Data. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215136"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"424","article-title":"Assessment of Ecosystem Service Function and Value of Urban Green Space: A Case Study of Futian District, Shenzhen","volume":"52","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cent. China Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2024.211","article-title":"Decadal Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: Impacts and Their Influence on Urban Ecosystem Services","volume":"73","author":"Nayak","year":"2024","journal-title":"AQUA Water Infrastruct. Ecosyst. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"76","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Force of Ecosystem Service Value in Leshan City Based on Dynamic Equivalent","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"102616","article-title":"Estimation of the Value of Regional Ecosystem Services of an Archipelago Using Satellite Remote Sensing Technology: A Case Study of Zhoushan Archipelago, China","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Lin, C., Ou, S., Feng, Q., Guo, K., Xie, J., and Wei, X. (2024). Evolutionary Characteristics and Driving Forces of Green Space in Guangzhou from a Zoning Perspective. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15010135"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, K., Ma, Y., Wang, W., and Niu, L. (2024). Scale Differences and Gradient Effects of Local Climate Zone Spatial Pattern on Urban Heat Island Impact\u2014A Case in Guangzhou\u2019s Core Area. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156656"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m Annual Land Cover Datasets and Its Dynamics in China from 1985 to 2022","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02246-4","article-title":"Dataset of Soil Conservation Capacity Preventing Water Erosion in China (1992\u20132019)","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data Bank"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010","article-title":"Dynamic Changes in the Value of China\u2019s Ecosystem Services","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maimaiti, B., Chen, S., Kasimu, A., Mamat, A., Aierken, N., and Chen, Q. (2022). Coupling and Coordination Relationships between Urban Expansion and Ecosystem Service Value in Kashgar City. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112557"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mao, W.Y., Zi, X.H., and Li, Z. (1992). Resource and Environment Common Data Sheets, China Science and Technology Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113544","article-title":"Progress of Increasing-Block Electricity Pricing Policy Implementation in China\u2019s First-Tier Cities and the Impact of Resident Policy Perception","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"83","article-title":"NCEP\/NCAR Hourly Analysis and Comparative Analysis of Measured Land Surface Temperature and Surface Air Temperature in China","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"32","article-title":"A Review of Technologies on Random Forests","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Inf. Forum"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"650","article-title":"The Basic Principle of Random Forest and Its Applications in Ecology: A Case Study of Pinus yunnanensis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152836","article-title":"Fine-Scale Modeling of the Urban Heat Island: A Comparison of Multiple Linear Regression and Random Forest Approaches","volume":"815","author":"Oukawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"682","article-title":"Research on Remote Sensing Water Extraction Method Based on SWIR Band","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"186","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Surface Albedo Retrieval Methods Based on TM Data","volume":"39","author":"Dairma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inner Mongolia Normal Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.716540","article-title":"Land Surface Emissivity Retrieval from Satellite Data","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(96)00039-9","article-title":"Mapping Land Surface Emissivity from NDVI: Application to European, African and South American Areas","volume":"57","author":"Valor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"10","article-title":"Progress in the Study of Estimation Methods for Vegetation Cover Based on Remote Sensing","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214497","article-title":"Classification-Based Emissivity for Land Surface Temperature Measurement from Space","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Li, J., Zhang, S., Yuan, Q., and Ren, P. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Changes and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Xinjiang, China from 2001 to 2022. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13081305"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"217","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Ecosystem Service Value in Tibet Gongbu Nature Reserve","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2576","article-title":"The Value of Environmental Purification Services for Urban Green Space Ecosystems in Qingdao","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"38","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Ecological Value of Urban Green Space Based on GIS\/RS","volume":"46","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"145","article-title":"Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services Value in China","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2738","article-title":"Refined Simulation of Urban Land Use Change Considering Spatial Scale Effects Environ","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Protect. Sci. Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"390","article-title":"Research on Remote Sensing Inversion of Near-Surface Air Temperature Based on Random Forest Algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"21","article-title":"Estimation and Distribution of R in Weibei Area","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Northwest For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"48","article-title":"Assessment of the Value of Urban Green Space Ecological Service Function: A Case Study of Beijing Forestry University","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ningxia J. Agric. For. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1763","article-title":"An Assessment Method of Ecosystem Service Value Based on Improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"69","article-title":"A Preliminary Study on Remote Sensing Estimation of Daily Minimum Temperature in Guizhou Province Based on Polar-Orbiting Satellites Environ","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protect. Sci. Mid-Low Lat. Mt. Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/22\/4180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:29:09Z","timestamp":1760113749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/22\/4180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16224180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16224180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}}}