{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:43:36Z","timestamp":1770705816811,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42177151 32301564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177151 32301564"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["177GJH2022020BS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["177GJH2022020BS"]}]},{"name":"International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42177151 32301564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177151 32301564"]}]},{"name":"International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["177GJH2022020BS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["177GJH2022020BS"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science and Geospatial Information Technology of MNR, CASM","award":["42177151 32301564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177151 32301564"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Surveying and Mapping Science and Geospatial Information Technology of MNR, CASM","award":["177GJH2022020BS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["177GJH2022020BS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clarifying the relationship between human activities and the provision of ecosystem services has received significant interest in recent years because of a growing need for sustainable socio-ecological system development. Using multi-source remote sensing data, we assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of the human footprint index and five ecosystem services under four human activity gradients from 2010 to 2020 in the Xiangjiang River Basin. The five ecosystem services include water supply, soil conservation, food production, habitat quality, and carbon sequestration. The relationship between human footprint and ecosystem services was analyzed from quantitative and spatial perspectives. The results showed that over the past 10 years, water supply and habitat quality decreased by 4.59% and 16.49%, respectively. The other three services increased, and the upstream area of the basin had a higher level of ecosystem services provision. The human footprint index increased by 28.83% over the 10 years and was characterized by point and patchy clustering in the middle and lower reaches. In terms of quantitative characteristics, the relationship between human footprint and ecosystem services was primarily negative. The ecosystem services were sensitive to the human footprint index within the 0\u22120.4 range. In terms of spatial characteristics, the relationship was dominated by trade-offs. The risky \u201chigh\u2013low\u201d trade-offs were mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches. As the gradients of human activity increased, the maximum fluctuation in ESs was 43%, and the maximum fluctuation in human footprint was 28%, making their relationship more complex. Our results identified response thresholds of ecosystem services to human activities, providing a guide for ecological management and sustainable development of basins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1731392912000},"page":"4212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Relationship Between Ecosystem Services and Human Footprints Under Different Human Activity Gradients: A Case Study of Xiangjiang River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Songjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Junhua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Environment, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Resources Monitoring in Tropical and Subtropical Area of South China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Surveying and Mapping Institute Lands and Resource Department of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510500, China"}]},{"given":"Guangcan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhaoqing Municipal Bureau of Forestry, Zhaoqing 526040, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ecological Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qilu Normal University, Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan 250200, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Chunyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Sihui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Fanrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9721-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Science Data Center Guangdong Branch, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Assessment, M.E. 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