{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:22:15Z","timestamp":1781706135885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8222076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["wenziXDB0760200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wenziXDB0760200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42375076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42375076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["8222076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222076"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["wenziXDB0760200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wenziXDB0760200"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42375076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42375076"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["8222076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8222076"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["wenziXDB0760200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wenziXDB0760200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42375076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42375076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The limited understanding of the structure of the urban surface atmospheric boundary layer can be attributed to its inherent complexity, as well as a deficiency in comprehensive measurements. We analyzed one year of meteorological data and Doppler wind lidar measurements in Beijing to explore how atmospheric stability is influenced by wind speed, radiation, turbulence, and pollution levels. Results indicate that the predominant state of the urban boundary layers in Beijing is an active condition (characterized by strong unstable and unstable stability regimes) throughout the day, attributed to the significant heat storage capacity of the urban canopy. Strong stable regimes are more frequently observed during winter and autumn, peaking during transitions from night to day. Furthermore, both strong unstable and strong stable regimes occur under very weak wind conditions (indicating weak dynamic instability), with strong instability associated with high net radiation levels while strong stability correlates with low net radiation conditions (indicative of robust thermal stability). The unstable regime manifests under strong winds (reflecting strong dynamic instability) alongside moderate net radiation environments, characterized by elevated values of turbulence kinetic energy and urban boundary height, highlighting the critical role of mechanical turbulence generation during periods of high wind activity. Additionally, six instances of pronounced stable conditions observed during daytime can be partially attributed to low radiation coupled with high pollutant concentrations near the surface, resulting from prolonged temperature inversions due to intense radiative cooling effects and weak dynamic forcing. Our findings presented herein are expected to have urban boundary layer climate and environment implications for other cities with high pollution and dense urban infrastructure all over the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1731575671000},"page":"4246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Atmospheric Boundary Layer Stability in Urban Beijing: Insights from Meteorological Tower and Doppler Wind Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Linlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingcheng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Meteorological Bureau, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6522-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiguang","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(94)90026-4","article-title":"Review: The atmospheric boundary layer","volume":"37","author":"Garratt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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