{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:39:12Z","timestamp":1766050752165,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China","award":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","award":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0194700","2021YFE0117400","2022YFF1300200","2022FY100200","422QN350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long time series of annual land cover with fine spatio-temporal resolutions play a crucial role in studying environmental climate change, biophysical modeling, carbon cycling models, and land management. Despite a strong consistency exhibited by several publicly available medium to fine resolution global land cover datasets, significant discrepancies exist at the regional scale; moreover, only every 5\/10 year land cover were available. Consequently, high-quality annual land cover datasets before 2000 are unavailable in China. In this study, we proposed a deep learning-based method by integrating multiple remote sensing data from different platforms with historical high spatial resolution land cover datasets (CNLUCC) to derive the 30 m annual land cover maps from 1980 to 1990 for Qilian Mountain. First, the super-resolution generative adversarial network models for upscaling the 5.5 km AVHRR NDVI to 250 m were established by employing the AVHRR and MODIS NDVI data with the same year as input, and the early time series AVHRR NDVI data were subsequently upscaled to 250 m through the above models. Second, the breaks for the additive seasonal and trend (BFAST) change detection algorithm was applied to the upscaled time series NDVI data to detect the change time of different land cover types. Third, the CNLUCC data in 1980 and 1990 were updated to annual land cover datasets from 1980 to 1990 and the annual mapping results provided insights into the dynamic processes of urbanization, deforestation, water bodies, and farmland from 1980 to 1990. Finally, comprehensive analysis and validation were carried out for evaluation and an overall accuracy of 77.26% for the land cover product in 1986 was achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T12:04:25Z","timestamp":1731585865000},"page":"4252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reconstruction of 30 m Land Cover in the Qilian Mountains from 1980 to 1990 Based on Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8688-7803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3819-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9690-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2666-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159607","article-title":"Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon, and 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