{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T03:43:47Z","timestamp":1768880627647,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52079136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52079136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52339003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52339003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of soil salinization is prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions, posing a critical challenge to sustainable agriculture. This study addresses the need for accurate assessment of regional root-zone soil salt content (SSC) and understanding of underlying driving mechanisms, which are essential for developing effective salinization mitigation and water management strategies. A remote sensing inversion technique, initially proposed to estimate root-zone SSC in cotton fields, was adapted and validated more widely to non-cotton farmlands. Validation results (with a coefficient of determination R2 &gt; 0.53) were obtained using data from a three-year (2020\u20132022) regional survey conducted in the arid Manas River Basin (MRB), Xinjiang, China. Based on this adapted technique, we analyzed the spatiotemporal distributions of root-zone SSC across all farmlands in MRB from 2001 to 2022. Findings showed that root-zone SSC decreased significantly from 5.47 to 3.77 g kg\u22121 over the past 20 years but experienced a slight increase of 0.15 g kg\u22121 in recent five years (2017\u20132022), attributed to cultivated area expansion and reduced irrigation quotas due to local water shortages. The driving mechanisms behind root-zone SSC distributions were analyzed using an approach combined with two machine learning algorithms, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP), to identify influential factors and quantify their impacts. The approach demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.96 \u00b1 0.01, root mean squared error RMSE = 0.19 \u00b1 0.03 g kg\u22121, maximum absolute error MAE = 0.14 \u00b1 0.02 g kg\u22121) in evaluating SSC drivers. Factors such as initial SSC, crop type distribution, duration of film mulched drip irrigation implementation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), irrigation amount, and actual evapotranspiration (ETa), with mean (SHAP\u00a0value) \u2265 0.02 g kg\u22121, were found to be more closely correlated with root-zone SSC variations than other factors. Decreased irrigation amount appeared as the primary driver for recent increased root-zone SSC, especially in the mid- and down-stream sections of MRB. Recommendations for secondary soil salinization risk reduction include regulation of the planting structure (crop choice and extent of planting area) and maintenance of a sufficient irrigation amount.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"4294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Root-Zone Salinity in Irrigated Arid Farmland: Revealing Driving Mechanisms of Dynamic Changes in China\u2019s Manas River Basin over 20 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}]},{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Department of Food and Biochemical Engineering, Yantai Vocational College, 2018 Binhai Middle Rd, Yantai High Tech Development Zone, Yantai 264670, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}]},{"given":"Jianchu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Ben-Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Negev 85280, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.177","article-title":"The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review","volume":"573","author":"Daliakopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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