{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1777036875810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3901802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3901802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near space refers to the atmospheric region 20\u2013100 km above Earth\u2019s surface, encompassing the stratosphere, mesosphere, and part of the thermosphere. This region is susceptible to surface and upper atmospheric disturbances, and the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles can finely characterize its complex environment. To analyze the relationship between changes in temperature and humidity profiles and natural activities, this study utilizes 18 years of temperature and water vapor data from the TIMED\/SABER and AURA\/MLS instruments to investigate the variations in temperature and humidity with altitude, time, and spatial distribution. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis is used to examine the impact mechanisms of solar activity, the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on temperature and humidity. The results show that in the mid- and low-latitude regions, temperature and water vapor reach their maxima at an altitude of 50 km, with values of 265 K and 8\u20139 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 ppmv, respectively; the variation characteristics differ across latitudes and altitudes, with a clear annual cycle; the feedback effects of solar activity and the ENSO index on temperature and humidity in the 20\u201340 km atmospheric layer are significantly different. Among these factors, solar activity is the most significant influence on temperature and water vapor, with response coefficients of \u22120.2 to \u22120.16 K\/sfu and 0.8 to 4 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 ppmv\/sfu, respectively. Secondly, in the low-latitude stratospheric region, the temperature response to ENSO is approximately \u22121.5 K\/MEI, while in the high-latitude region, a positive response of 3 K\/MEI is observed. The response of water vapor to ENSO varies between \u22121 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 and \u22124 \u00d7 10\u2212\u2077 ppmv\/sfu. In the low-latitude stratospheric region, the temperature and humidity responses to the QBO index exhibit significant differences, ranging from \u22121.8 to \u22120.6 K\/10 m\/s. Additionally, there are substantial differences in responses between the polar regions and the low-latitude equatorial region. Finally, a three-dimensional model coefficient was constructed to illustrate the influence of solar activity, ENSO, and QBO on temperature and humidity in the near space. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the temperature and humidity variation characteristics in near space and provide valuable data and model references for predicting three-dimensional parameters of temperature and humidity in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"4307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Near Space Temperature and Humidity and Their Driving Influences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1982-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhui","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinji","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Center of Resources Environment and GIS, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7795-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (AirCAS), No.9 Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2009.2016584","article-title":"Near-Space Wide-Swath Radar Imaging With Multiaperture Antenna","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. 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