{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:28:53Z","timestamp":1785882533613,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Stable Support Research Grant of the China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation","award":["A132312191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A132312191"]}]},{"name":"the Stable Support Research Grant of the China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation","award":["U20B2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059"]}]},{"name":"the Stable Support Research Grant of the China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation","award":["62071353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071353"]}]},{"name":"the Stable Support Research Grant of the China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation","award":["62071348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071348"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["A132312191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A132312191"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20B2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071353"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071348"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["A132312191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A132312191"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20B2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071353"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071348"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["A132312191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A132312191"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U20B2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071353"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071348"]}]},{"name":"The Taishan Scholars Program","award":["A132312191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A132312191"]}]},{"name":"The Taishan Scholars Program","award":["U20B2059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059"]}]},{"name":"The Taishan Scholars Program","award":["62071353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071353"]}]},{"name":"The Taishan Scholars Program","award":["62071348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071348"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric data forecasting traditionally relies on physical models, which simulate atmospheric motion and change by solving atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer processes. However, numerical models often involve significant computational demands and time constraints. In this study, we analyze the performance of Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM) using over two decades of sounding data from the Xisha Island Observatory in the South China Sea. We propose a hybrid model that combines GRU and Random Forest (RF) in series, which predicts the presence of atmospheric ducts from limited data. The results demonstrate that GRU achieves prediction accuracy comparable to LSTM with 10% to 20% shorter running times. The prediction accuracy of the GRU-RF model reaches 0.92. This model effectively predicts the presence of atmospheric ducts in certain height regions, even with low data accuracy or missing data, highlighting its potential for improving efficiency in atmospheric forecasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T06:06:54Z","timestamp":1731996414000},"page":"4308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hybrid GRU\u2013Random Forest Model for Accurate Atmospheric Duct Detection with Incomplete Sounding Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9260-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3801-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4206-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouxiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2440.1","article-title":"Climatology of Anomalous Propagation Radar Echoes in a Coastal Area","volume":"49","author":"Mesnard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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