{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:10:30Z","timestamp":1774030230474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42177211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formaldehyde (HCHO), a key volatile organic compound (VOC) in the atmosphere, plays a crucial role in driving photochemical processes. Satellite-based observations of column concentrations of HCHO and other gaseous pollutants (e.g., NO2) have generally been used in previous studies to elucidate the mechanisms behind secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone (O3) formation. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of HCHO by retrieving its vertical profile over Nanjing during the warm season (May\u2013June 2022) and analyzing the diurnal variation in vertical distribution and potential source regions on non-polluted (MDA8 O3 &lt; 160 \u03bcg m\u22123, NO3P) and O3-polluted (MDA8 O3 \u2265 160 \u03bcg m\u22123, O3P) days. Under both conditions, HCHO was primarily concentrated below 1.5 km altitude, with average vertical profiles displaying similar Boltzmann-like distributions. However, HCHO concentrations on O3P days were 1.2\u20131.6 times higher than those on non-polluted days at the same altitude below 1.5 km. Maximum HCHO concentrations occurred in the afternoon, while the peak value in the 0.1\u20130.4 km layers was reached around noon (~11:00 a.m.). The variation rates (VR) of HCHO in the 0.3\u20131.2 km altitudes had a maximum on O3P days (approximately 0.33 ppbv h\u22121), and were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) than the VR observed on NO3P days (0.14\u20130.20 ppbv h\u22121). The analysis of footprints showed that HCHO concentrations were jointly influenced by the upstream region and the surroundings of the study site. The study results improve the understanding of the vertical distribution and potential source regions of HCHO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T07:51:15Z","timestamp":1732002675000},"page":"4313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vertical Distribution, Diurnal Evolution, and Source Region of Formaldehyde During the Warm Season Under Ozone-Polluted and Non-Polluted Conditions in Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Keqiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjie","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7290-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"Yahan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-6551-2019","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Ability of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to Observe Boundary Layer Ozone Pollution across China: Application to 2005\u20132017 Ozone Trends","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. 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