{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:23:05Z","timestamp":1773998585803,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0117400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["422QN350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z241100005424006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z241100005424006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0117400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1300200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["422QN350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z241100005424006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z241100005424006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Science and Technology Plan","award":["2021YFE0117400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0117400"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Science and Technology Plan","award":["2022YFF1300200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1300200"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Science and Technology Plan","award":["422QN350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["422QN350"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Science and Technology Plan","award":["Z241100005424006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z241100005424006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and timely extraction and evaluation of sandy land are essential for ecological environmental protection; it is urgent to do the research to support the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of Land Degradation Neutrality. This study used Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and Landsat 8 OLI multispectral data as the main data sources. Combining the rich spectral information from optical data and the penetrating advantages of radar data, a feature-level fusion method was employed to unveil the intrinsic nature of vegetative cover and accurately identify sandy land. Simultaneously, leveraging the results obtained from training with measured data, a comprehensive desertification assessment model was proposed, which combines multiple indicators to achieve a thorough evaluation of sandy land. The results showed that the method based on feature-level fusion achieved an overall accuracy of 86.31% in sandy land detection in Gansu Province, China. The integrated multi-indicator model C22_C\/FVC is the ratio of correlation texture features of VH to vegetation cover based on which sandy land can be classified into three categories. When C22_C\/FVC is less than 2.2, the pixel is classified as fixed sandy land. Pixels of semi-fixed sandy land have an indicator value between 2.2 and 5.2. Shifting sandy land has values greater than 5.2. Results showed that shifting sandy land and semi-fixed sandy land are the predominant types in Gansu Province, with 85,100 square kilometers and 87,100 square kilometers, respectively. The acreage of fixed sandy land was the least, 51,800 square kilometers. The method presented in this paper is robust for the detection and evaluation of sandy land from satellite imageries, which can potentially be applied for conducting high-resolution and large-scale detection and evaluation of sandy land.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1732017487000},"page":"4322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Synergistic Coupling of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data for Sandy Land Detection and Multi-Indicator Integrated Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Junjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographic Mapping and Urban and Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Changyuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2666-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of information Technology & Engineering, Guangzhou College of Commerce, Guangzhou 511363, China"}]},{"given":"Aixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.1108","article-title":"Rangeland degrandtion on the Qinghai-Tibet Planteau:Imaplications for rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Degrad. 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