{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:42:30Z","timestamp":1768797750710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COFRUT-MONITOR project","award":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"]}]},{"name":"COFRUT-MONITOR project","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"European Union Next GenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"European Union Next GenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGROALNEXT\/2022\/046"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Delottococcus aberiae is a mealybug pest known as Cotonet de les Valls in the province of Castell\u00f3n (Spain). This tiny insect is causing large economic losses in the Spanish agricultural sector, especially in the citrus industry. The European Copernicus program encourages the progress of Earth observation (EO) in relation to the development of agricultural monitoring tools. In this context, this work is based on the analysis of the temporal evolution of spectral surface reflectance data from Sen2Like, analyzing healthy and fields affected by the mealybug. The study area is focused on the surroundings of Vall d\u2019Uix\u00f3 (Castell\u00f3n, Spain), involving an approximate area of 25 ha distributed in a total of 21 fields of citrus trees with different mealybug incidence, classified as healthy or unhealthy, during the 2020\u20132021 season. The relationship between the mealybug infestation level and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and other optical bands (Red, NIR, SWIR, derived from Sen2Like) were analyzed by studying the time-series evolution of each parameter across the time period 2017\u20132022. In this study, we also demonstrate that evergreen fruit trees such as citrus, show a seasonality across the EO-based time series, which is linked to directional effects caused by the sensor\u2013sun geometry. This can be mitigated by using a Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model such as the High-Resolution Adjusted BRDF Algorithm (HABA). To study the infested fields separately from healthy ones and avoid mixing fields with very different spectral responses caused by field type, separation between rows, or age, we studied the evolution of each parcel separately using monthly linear regressions, considering the 2017\u20132018 seasons as a reference when the pest had not developed yet. The observations indicate the feasibility of the distinction between affected and healthy plots during a year utilizing specific spectral ranges, with SWIR proving a notably effective channel, enabling separability from mid-summer to the fall. Furthermore, the anomaly inspection demonstrates an increase in the effects of the pest from 2020 to 2022 in all spectral regions and enables a first approximation for identifying healthy and affected fields based on negative anomalies in the red and SWIR channels and positive anomalies in the NIR and NDVI. This work contributes to the development of new monitoring tools for efficient and sustainable action in pest control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1732257708000},"page":"4362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pest Detection in Citrus Orchards Using Sentinel-2: A Case Study on Mealybug (Delottococcus aberiae) in Eastern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"F\u00e0tima","family":"Della Bellver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Parc Cient\u00edfic, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia (Paterna), 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Franch Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Parc Cient\u00edfic, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia (Paterna), 46980 Paterna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo","family":"Moletto-Lobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Parc Cient\u00edfic, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia (Paterna), 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar Jos\u00e9","family":"Guerrero Benavent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Parc Cient\u00edfic, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia (Paterna), 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4846-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"San Bautista Primo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (Valencia), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnolog\u00edas F\u00edsicas, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (Valencia), 46022 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Vermote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Saunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telespazio France, Satellite System and Operation, 26 Avenue JF Champollion, BP 52309, CEDEX 1, 31023 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Quintana, A. 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