{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:19:37Z","timestamp":1775279977988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Esp\u00edrito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation (FAPES)","award":["Process 2020-4Kk4L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Process 2020-4Kk4L"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical forests have high species richness, being considered the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world. Research on the variation and maintenance of biodiversity in these ecosystems is important for establishing conservation strategies. The main objective of this study was to test the Spectral Variation Hypothesis through associations between species diversity and richness measured in the field and hyperspectral data collected by a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) in areas with secondary tropical forest in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Specific objectives were to determine which dispersion measurements, standard deviation (SD) or coefficient of variation (CV), estimated for the n pixels occurring within each sampling unit, better explains species diversity; the effects of pixel size on the direction and intensity of this relationship; and the effects of shaded pixels within each sampling unit. The spectral variability hypothesis was confirmed for the Atlantic Forest biome, with R2 of 0.83 for species richness and 0.76 and 0.69 for the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, respectively, using 1.0 m illuminated pixels. The dispersion (CV and SD) of hyperspectral bands were most strongly correlated with taxonomic diversity and richness in the red-edge and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Pixel size affected R2 values, which were higher for 1.0 m pixels (0.83) and lower for 10.0 m pixels (0.71). Additionally, illuminated pixels had higher R2 values than those under shadow effects. The main dispersion variables selected as metrics for regression models were mean CV, CV for the 726.7 nm band, and SD for the 742.3 and 933.4 nm bands. Our results suggest that spectral diversity can serve as a proxy for species diversity in the Atlantic Forest. However, factors that can affect this relationship, such as taxonomic and spectral diversity metrics used, pixel size, and shadow effects in images, should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1732257708000},"page":"4363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Biodiversity from the Sky: Testing the Spectral Variation Hypothesis in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias Baruc Moreira","family":"Pinon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Defense of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29010-935, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Ribeiro de","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gilson Fernandes da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Emanuel Maretto","family":"Effgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Defense of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29010-935, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00edvea Maria Mafra","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Milton Marques","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jer\u00f4nimo Boelsums Barreto","family":"Sansevero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Serop\u00e9dica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine Torres de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Resources and Aquaculture, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (J\u00falio de Mesquita Filho), Registro 11900-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Machado","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Jer\u00f4nimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canopy Remote Sensing Solutions, Florian\u00f3polis 88032-005, SC, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Quint\u00e3o de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2020). 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