{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T21:37:18Z","timestamp":1773524238162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013494","name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013494","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013494","name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013494","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013494","name":"West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013494","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the program of the Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, CAS","award":["U20A2081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2081"]}]},{"name":"the program of the Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, CAS","award":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xbzg-zdsys-202102"]}]},{"name":"the program of the Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, CAS","award":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSFSE-ZZ-2410"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture (SM) is a crucial factor in land-atmosphere interactions and climate systems, affecting surface energy, water budgets, and weather extremes. In the Three-River-Source Region (TRSR) of China, rapid climate change necessitates precise SM monitoring. This study employs a novel UNet-Gan model to integrate and downscale SM data from 17 CMIP6 models, producing a high-resolution (0.1\u00b0) dataset called CMIP6UNet-Gan. This dataset includes SM data for five depth layers (0\u201310 cm, 10\u201330 cm, 30\u201350 cm, 50\u201380 cm, 80\u2013110 cm), four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5). The UNet-Gan model demonstrates strong performance in data fusion and downscaling, especially in shallow soil layers. Analysis of the CMIP6UNet-Gan dataset reveals an overall increasing trend in SM across all layers, with higher rates under more intense emission scenarios. Spatially, moisture increases vary, with significant trends in the western Yangtze and northeastern Yellow River regions. Deeper soils show a slower response to climate change, and seasonal variations indicate that moisture increases are most pronounced in spring and winter, followed by autumn, with the least increase observed in summer. Future projections suggest higher moisture increase rates in the early and late 21st century compared to the mid-century. By the end of this century (2071\u20132100), compared to the Historical period (1995\u20132014), the increase in SM across the five depth layers ranges from: 5.5% to 11.5%, 4.6% to 9.2%, 4.3% to 7.5%, 4.5% to 7.5%, and 3.3% to 6.5%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1732270643000},"page":"4367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trend Analysis of High-Resolution Soil Moisture Data Based on GAN in the Three-River-Source Region During the 21st Century"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhuoqun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8825-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqiong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8343-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900255","article-title":"On the spatial and temporal links between vegetation, climate, and soil moisture","volume":"35","author":"Porporato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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