{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:57:16Z","timestamp":1768010236462,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["42305047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305047"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["42005036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005036"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["SCSIO202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202203"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["SCSIO202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202208"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research","award":["XZ202402ZD0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202402ZD0006"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42305047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305047"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42005036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005036"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SCSIO202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202203"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SCSIO202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202208"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XZ202402ZD0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202402ZD0006"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42305047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305047"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42005036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005036"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SCSIO202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202203"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SCSIO202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202208"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XZ202402ZD0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202402ZD0006"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["42305047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42305047"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["42005036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005036"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["SCSIO202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202203"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["SCSIO202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202208"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202402ZD0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202402ZD0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snow cover days (SCD) have increased significantly in winter on the Western Kunlun Mountains and Eastern Pamir Plateau (hereafter referred to as KMPP for short), however the causes have not been well understood so far. Here, we use remote sensing data to analyze the abnormal increase in SCD on the KMPP and explore its causes from the perspective of the local factors and water vapor transport caused by sea surface temperatures (SST) warming. We discover that the winter SCD on the KMPP increased significantly at a rate of 4.75 days\/decade (significant at the 0.01 level) during 1989\u20132020, while there has been a significant decrease on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), with a rate of \u22121.50 days\/decade (significant at the 0.1 level). Based on ERA5, GPCP, GHCN, and station data, we find that, in contrast to the significant warming observed on the TP, temperature changes on the KMPP are negligible, while precipitation is increasing, differing from the decreasing precipitation trend observed on the TP. The differences in local temperature and precipitation changes cause different variations in SCD between the KMPP and the TP. The increase in SCD on the KMPP is primarily driven by increased precipitation (over 97% contribution), with minimal impact from the more or less unchanged temperature. In contrast, the decline in SCD on the TP results from decreased precipitation and significantly increased temperature. Furthermore, we found that changes in SCD on the KMPP are significantly correlated with SST in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Based on the correlation vector, the anomaly field in the high\/low SCD years of water vapor transport, and the FLEXPART model, we show that the northern North Atlantic Ocean is one of the major water vapor sources affecting the SCD on the KMPP. The warming SST in the northern North Atlantic Ocean enhances water vapor transport to the KMPP in winter, leading to an abnormal increase in the SCD that differs from the overall trend on the TP. The findings are conductive to further understand the peculiarity of winter precipitation and SCD on the KMPP, and the \u201cWestern Kunlun Mountains Oddity\u201d in mountain glacial change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1732270643000},"page":"4368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Influence of Local Climatic Factors and Water Vapor Transport from North Atlantic Ocean on Winter Snow-Cover Variation on Western Kunlun Mountains and Eastern Pamir Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangde","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9351-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiubao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6084-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences and Tourism, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Distribution of snow cover in China","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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