{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:52:22Z","timestamp":1781279542496,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review is aimed at exploring the use of remote sensing technology with a focus on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in monitoring and management of palm pests and diseases with a special focus on date palms. It highlights the most common sensor types, ranging from passive sensors such as RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal as well as active sensors such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), expounding on their unique functions and gains as far as the detection of pest infestation and disease symptoms is concerned. Indices derived from UAV multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are used to assess their usefulness in vegetation health monitoring and plant physiological changes. Other UAVs are equipped with thermal sensors to identify water stress and temperature anomalies associated with the presence of pests and diseases. Furthermore, the review discusses how LiDAR technology can be used to capture detailed 3D canopy structures as well as volume changes that may occur during the progressing stages of a date palm infection. Besides, the paper examines how machine learning algorithms have been incorporated into remote sensing technologies to ensure high accuracy levels in detecting diseases or pests. This paper aims to present a comprehensive outline for future research focusing on modern methodologies, technological improvements, and direction for the efficient application of UAV-based remote sensing in managing palm tree pests and diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1732270643000},"page":"4371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Remote Sensing Technologies Using UAVs for Pest and Disease Monitoring: A Review Centered on Date Palm Trees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9425-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashar","family":"Alsadik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Faculty, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian J.","family":"Ells\u00e4\u00dfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Faculty, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muheeb","family":"Awawdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Geoinformatics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulla","family":"Al-Rawabdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Geoinformatics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Almahasneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Department, Environment and Climate Change Directorate, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Amman 19381, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Oude Elberink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Faculty, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Abuhamoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Department, Environment and Climate Change Directorate, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Amman 19381, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolla","family":"Al Asmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Faculty, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sishodia, R.P., Ray, R.L., and Singh, S.K. 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