{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T21:01:42Z","timestamp":1764277302261,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["310400209523","YSPTZX202308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310400209523","YSPTZX202308"]}]},{"name":"the specific research fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["310400209523","YSPTZX202308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310400209523","YSPTZX202308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) plays a vital role in quantifying the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding the effects of dominant driving forces and their respective contribution rates on NEP can aid in the effective management of terrestrial carbon sinks, especially in rapidly urbanizing coastal areas where climate change (CC) and human activities (HA) occur frequently. Combining MODIS NPP products and meteorological data from 2000 to 2020, this paper established a Modis NPP-Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) model to estimate the magnitude of NEP in China\u2019s coastal zone (CCZ). Hotspot analysis, variation trend, partial correlation, and residual analysis were applied to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of NEP and the contributions of CC and HA to the dynamics of NEP. We also explored the changes in NEP in different land use types. It was found that there is a clear north\u2013south difference in the spatial pattern of NEP in CCZ, with Zhejiang Province serving as the main watershed for this difference. In addition, NEP in most regions showed an improvement trend, especially in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region and Shandong Province, but the pixel values of NEP here were generally not as high as that in most southern provinces. According to the types of driving forces, the improvement of NEP in these regions primarily results from the synergistic effects of CC and HA. NEP changes in provinces south of Zhejiang are mainly dominated by single-factor-driven degradation. The area where HA contributes to the increase in NEP is much larger than that of CC. From the perspective of land use types, forests and farmland are the dominant contributors to the magnitude of NEP in CCZ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T07:40:32Z","timestamp":1732606832000},"page":"4417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Decoupling the Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Terrestrial Vegetation Carbon Sink"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuheng","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanxia","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environmental Computation and Sustainability of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410009, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Linglin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410009, China"}]},{"given":"Xiafei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Eco-Environmental Accounting, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11299","article-title":"Increase in Observed Net Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Land and Oceans during the Past 50 Years","volume":"488","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3269-2020","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2020","volume":"12","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07944","article-title":"The Carbon Balance of Terrestrial Ecosystems in China","volume":"458","author":"Piao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102017-030204","article-title":"The Terrestrial Carbon Sink","volume":"43","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-2045-5","article-title":"Terrestrial Carbon Sinks in China and around the World and Their Contribution to Carbon Neutrality","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-021-9892-6","article-title":"Estimation of China\u2019s Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Sink: Methods, Progress and Prospects","volume":"65","author":"Piao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112035","article-title":"Limited Terrestrial Carbon Sinks and Increasing Carbon Emissions from the Hu Line Spatial Pattern Perspective in China","volume":"162","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108834","article-title":"Assessment of the Variation and Influencing Factors of Vegetation NPP and Carbon Sink Capacity under Different Natural Conditions","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, H., Jiapaer, G., Yu, T., Zhang, L., Chen, B., Lin, K., and Li, X. (2023). Effects of Land Cover Change on Vegetation Carbon Source\/Sink in Arid Terrestrial Ecosystems of Northwest China, 2001\u20132018. Remote Sens., 15.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15092471"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110920","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity in the ASEAN from 2001 to 2020 Based on Remote Sensing and Improved CASA Model","volume":"154","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zhao, W., and Zhang, Y. (2022). The Change in Net Ecosystem Productivity and Its Driving Mechanism in a Mountain Ecosystem of Arid Regions, Northwest China. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164046"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155993","article-title":"Simulated Net Ecosystem Productivity of Subtropical Forests and Its Response to Climate Change in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"838","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156326","article-title":"Disentangling Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers on Forest Net Ecosystem Production","volume":"839","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, C., Wu, S., Zhuang, Q., Zhang, Z., Hou, G., Luo, G., and Hu, Z. (2022). Where Anthropogenic Activity Occurs, Anthropogenic Activity Dominates Vegetation Net Primary Productivity Change. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051092"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz021","article-title":"Altered Trends in Carbon Uptake in China\u2019s Terrestrial Ecosystems under the Enhanced Summer Monsoon and Warming Hiatus","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108323","article-title":"Detection and Attribution of Positive Net Ecosystem Productivity Extremes in China\u2019s Terrestrial Ecosystems during 2000\u20132016","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00617.x","article-title":"Response of Terrestrial Carbon Uptake to Climate Interannual Variability in China","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-022-9926-6","article-title":"Perspectives on the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the \u2018Carbon Neutrality\u2019 Strategy","volume":"65","author":"Piao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13798-8","article-title":"Forest Management in Southern China Generates Short Term Extensive Carbon Sequestration","volume":"11","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115863","article-title":"Carbon Sinks\/Sources\u2019 Spatiotemporal Evolution in China and Its Response to Built-up Land Expansion","volume":"321","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-5277-0","article-title":"Relationship between Nitrogen Deposition and LUCC and Its Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Budgets in China","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Peng, B., Zhou, Y., Yu, F., and Wang, X.-C. (2022). Quantifying the Influence of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on the Net Primary Productivity of China\u2019s Grasslands. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194844"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2849-9","article-title":"Large Chinese Land Carbon Sink Estimated from Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Data","volume":"586","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32961-2","article-title":"Forest Expansion Dominates China\u2019s Land Carbon Sink since 1980","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2141-2018","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2018","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.341","article-title":"Carbon Sources\/Sinks Analysis of Land Use Changes in China Based on Data Envelopment Analysis","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1313-6","article-title":"The Chinese Carbon-Neutral Goal: Challenges and Prospects","volume":"39","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, P., Hou, X., and Xu, H. (2022). Dynamic Expansion of Urban Land in China\u2019s Coastal Zone since 2000. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040916"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109178","article-title":"Land Use\/Land Cover Change and Its Impact on Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Coastal Areas of China from 1980 to 2050","volume":"142","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130966","article-title":"China\u2019s Carbon Budget Inventory from 1997 to 2017 and Its Challenges to Achieving Carbon Neutral Strategies","volume":"347","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, L., Geng, D., Yan, J., Qiu, S., Shi, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., Zhang, L., and Kang, J. (2022). Remote Sensing Estimation and Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity in China. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081902"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4464-6","article-title":"Interannual Variability in Soil Respiration from Terrestrial Ecosystems in China and Its Response to Climate Change","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2023.100237","article-title":"A Carbon-Neutrality-Capacity Index for Evaluating Carbon Sink Contributions","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Zhu, C., Ma, X., Zhang, X., Yang, D., and Shao, Y. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics and Dynamic Persistence Analysis of Carbon Sources\/Sinks in the Yellow River Basin. Remote Sens., 15.","key":"ref_35","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020323"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169023","article-title":"Unraveling the Enigma of NPP Variation in Chinese Vegetation Ecosystems: The Interplay of Climate Change and Land Use Change","volume":"912","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.04.043","article-title":"Spatial Heterogeneity of Changes in Vegetation Growth and Their Driving Forces Based on Satellite Observations of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"574","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(03)00121-6","article-title":"Discrimination between Climate and Human-Induced Dryland Degradation","volume":"57","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and Attribution of Vegetation Greening Trend in China over the Last 30 Years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.105275","article-title":"Reexamine China\u2019s Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Balance under Land Use-Type and Climate Change","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaec95","article-title":"Interannual Variability of Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity over China: Regional Contributions and Climate Attribution","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140784","article-title":"Vegetation Responses to Extreme Climatic Indices in Coastal China from 1986 to 2015","volume":"744","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-023-2144-4","article-title":"Remote Sensing Assessment of the Ecological Benefits Provided by National Key Ecological Projects in China during 2000\u20132019","volume":"33","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168676","article-title":"Effectiveness and Driving Mechanism of Ecological Restoration Efforts in China from 2009 to 2019","volume":"910","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Chen, W., Li, S., Wang, T., Yu, L., Xu, M., Singh, R.P., and Liu, C.-Q. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Changes in Vegetation in the Last Two Decades (2001\u20132020) in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region. Remote Sens., 14.","key":"ref_45","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14163958"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.108","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Assessment of Water Footprint, Water Scarcity and Crop Water Productivity in a Major Crop Production Region","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2010.00695_3.x","article-title":"Can China Cope with Its Water Crisis?\u2014Perspectives from the North China Plain","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02077.x","article-title":"Contributions of Climatic and Crop Varietal Changes to Crop Production in the North China Plain, since 1980s","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101355","article-title":"Modeling Different Urban Change Trajectories and Their Trade-Offs with Food Production in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL105209","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL105209","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Ozone Pollution on Net Primary Productivity in the North China Plain","volume":"51","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-017-3469-5","article-title":"Carbon Balance under Four Double-Season Cropping Systems in North China Plain","volume":"421","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.174","article-title":"Carbon Emission of Maize-Based Cropping Systems in the North China Plain","volume":"213","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124330","article-title":"Quantifying Influences of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors on Vegetation Changes Using Structural Equation Modeling: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"280","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.128","article-title":"Determining the Contributions of Urbanisation and Climate Change to NPP Variations over the Last Decade in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"472","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107363","article-title":"Abandoned Cropland Compensates the Decrease in Net Ecosystem Productivity of Impervious Surface Expansion in China","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.08.019","article-title":"Evaluation of SVM, ELM and Four Tree-Based Ensemble Models for Predicting Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Using Limited Meteorological Data in Different Climates of China","volume":"263","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2010.03.015","article-title":"Tropical Cyclones and Heavy Rainfall in Fujian Province, China","volume":"226","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2021.100401","article-title":"Possible Impact of Urbanization on Extreme Precipitation\u2013Temperature Relationship in East Asian Megacities","volume":"34","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.02.006","article-title":"Contributions of Natural Climate Changes and Human Activities to the Trend of Extreme Precipitation","volume":"205","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3117","article-title":"Land Degradation Monitoring Using Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Sinks\/Sources and Their Response to Climate Change in C Hina","volume":"29","author":"Chuai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, R., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Yao, F., and Zhang, S. (2023). Quantitative Assessment of Factors Influencing the Spatiotemporal Variation in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Simulated by Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data in Tropical Vegetation. Remote Sens., 15.","key":"ref_61","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15245677"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.155","article-title":"Response of Net Primary Production to Land Use and Land Cover Change in Mainland China since the Late 1980s","volume":"639","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106949","article-title":"Towards Carbon Neutrality: How Much Do Forest Carbon Sinks Cost in China?","volume":"98","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.017","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP Products across Multiple Biomes","volume":"102","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106333","article-title":"Effects of Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) on Terrestrial Carbon Stocks in China between 2000 and 2018","volume":"182","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-024-2197-z","article-title":"Carbon Sink Response of Terrestrial Vegetation Ecosystems in the Yangtze River Delta and Its Driving Mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106893","article-title":"Carbon Neutrality Check in Spatial and the Response to Land Use Analysis in China","volume":"97","author":"Chuai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4417\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:29Z","timestamp":1760114369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16234417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16234417","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]}}}