{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:20Z","timestamp":1760146640904,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes","award":["CAFYBB2020SY032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAFYBB2020SY032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have extensively examined the cooling effects of forests. Various methods exist for evaluating climate regulation at regional and global levels. Local-scale cooling effects and their valuing methods, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, the temperature difference and energy balance methods were compared to assess the value of cooling services of three forest types at a local scale. Using the window searching strategy, land surface temperature and sensible heat flux differences between forest and open land were compared. The average cooling temperature of broad-leaved forests was found to be 0.229 \u00b0C, significantly higher than that of coniferous forests, at 0.205 \u00b0C, while mixed coniferous\u2013broad-leaved forests were not significantly different to the other two types. The average sensible heat flux differences in broad-leaved, coniferous, and coniferous\u2013broad-leaved forests were found to be 0.23, 0.079, and 0.11 MJ\/m2\/day, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, the sensible heat flux was significantly correlated with the cooling degree (R = 0.33, p = 0.05), suggesting consistency between the two approaches. However, the total cooling value calculated with the energy balance method was CNY 0.51 billion, significantly higher than the temperature difference method at CNY 0.11 billion. The main reason for the differences between the two approaches is the uncertainty in cooling volume and cooling time for the temperature difference method and energy balance method, respectively. The impact of vegetation on the microclimate depends on the vegetation type, topography, local climate, and other factors. It is also important to note that cooling services are not required at all times of the day, and energy differences can hardly be calculated based on the hour. However, surface radiation and evapotranspiration generally occur during the daytime, which is also when the surface temperature is high. Therefore, there is a certain coincidence with the time when cooling is needed. The energy balance method presented herein provides a novel alternative approach to assessing the cooling services of local-scale forests, offering advantages over the commonly used temperature difference approach, which is associated with large uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T09:10:14Z","timestamp":1732612214000},"page":"4424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Two Methods for Valuing Local Cooling Effect of Forests in Inner Mongolia Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Bo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key laboratory for Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiazhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecological Protection and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key laboratory for Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7603","article-title":"Local Cooling and Warming Effects of Forests Based on Satellite Observations","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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