{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:30Z","timestamp":1760146650614,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on the recent earthquakes (EQs) that occurred, with the main shock on 6 February 2023, principally in the central southern part of Turkey and northwestern Syria. This region is predisposed to earthquakes because of the tectonic plate movements between Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates. The seismic epicenter was localized at 37.08\u00b0E and 37.17\u00b0N with depth in the order of 10 km and magnitude Mw7.8. We use Graz\u2019s very-low-frequency VLF facility (15.43\u00b0E, 47.06\u00b0N) to investigate the amplitude variation in the Denizk\u00f6y VLF transmitter, localized in the Didim district of Aydin Province in the western part of the Anatolian region in Turkey. Denizk\u00f6y VLF transmitter is known as Bafa transmitter (27.31\u00b0E, 37.40\u00b0N), radiating at a frequency of 26.7 kHz under the callsign TBB. This signal is detected daily by the Graz facility with an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio, predominantly during night observations. We study in this analysis the variations of TBB amplitude and phase signals as detected by the Graz facility two weeks before the earthquake occurrence. It is essential to note that the TBB VLF transmitter station and the Graz facility are included in the preparation seismic area, as derived from the Dobrovolsky relationship. We have applied the multi-terminators method (MTM), revealing anomalies occurring at sunset and sunrise terminator occasions and derived from the amplitude and the phase. Minima and maxima of the TBB signal are linked to three terminators, i.e., Graz facility, TBB transmitter, and EQ epicenter, by considering the MTM method. We show that the significant anomalies are those linked to the EQ epicenter. This leads us to make evident the precursor seismic anomaly, which appears more than one week (i.e., 27 January 2023) before EQ occurrence. They can be considered the trace, the sign, and the residue of the sub-ionospheric propagation of the TBB transmitter signal disturbed along its ray path above the preparation EQ zone. We find that the sunrise\u2013sunset anomalies are associated with tectonic regions. One is associated with the Arabian\u2013African tectonic plates with latitudinal stresses in the south\u2013north direction, and the second with the African\u2013Anatolian tectonic plates with longitudinal stresses in the east\u2013west direction. The terminator time shift anomalies prior to EQ are probably due to the lowering (i.e., minima) and raising (i.e., maxima) of the ionospheric electron density generated by atmospheric gravity waves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T08:17:42Z","timestamp":1732695462000},"page":"4448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unusual Sunrise and Sunset Terminator Variations in the Behavior of Sub-Ionospheric VLF Phase and Amplitude Signals Prior to the Mw7.8 Turkey Syria Earthquake of 6 February 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1934-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Boudjada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier F.","family":"Biagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans U.","family":"Eichelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Nico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Mathematics (IAC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Schwingenschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick H. M.","family":"Galopeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Atmosphere, Milieux, Observations Spatiales\u2013Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UVSQ Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 78280 Guyancourt, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Solovieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Earth Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123995, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Contadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery","family":"Denisenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Modelling, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Lammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Voller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(93)90034-7","article-title":"High-frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects","volume":"77","author":"Parrot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. 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