{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:30:28Z","timestamp":1764937828322,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds","award":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274065","2022YFF0801003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambient noise surface wave exploration is one of the fields of interest in geophysical research. Extracting dispersion curves and inverting the S-wave velocity structure from the dispersion characteristics is also of primary importance. The accuracy of dispersion curves has great significance for the subsequent inversion result and its interpretation. The phase-shift method is widely used in dispersion imaging of surface waves. This method possesses advantages on stability but also suffers a lot from low resolution and low noise resistance. Therefore, we propose an improved phase-shift method based on semblance coefficients. This method replaces linear stacking in the traditional phase-shift method by calculating semblance coefficients and, therefore, can effectively improve the resolution and noise resistance of surface wave dispersion spectrum imaging. Tests are implemented on both synthetic ambient noise data and field data recorded by a short-period dense seismic array located in the ChangbaiShan region to evaluate the proposed method. The dispersion spectrum imaging results of the model and field data show that the semblance phase-shift (SPS) method has better noise resistance and computational accuracy than the traditional phase-shift method. The inversion results indicate that it is possible to obtain a reasonable S-wave velocity structure by inverting the dispersion curves resulting from the semblance phase-shift method. By constructing a 3 km deep and 4.8 km long S-wave velocity image, the velocity structure and abnormal conditions beneath the array in the ChangbaiShan region are presented. The results indicate a significant low-velocity anomaly at a depth of 1 km. It is inferred that it may be a fluid-rich structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T08:24:14Z","timestamp":1732868654000},"page":"4484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multichannel Analysis of Ambient Noise Surface Waves Based on Semblance Phase-Shift Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"Changbai Volcano Geophysical Observatory, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honghao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1439927","article-title":"Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response","volume":"33","author":"Claerbout","year":"1968","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"415","article-title":"Space and time spectra of stationary stochastic waves, with special reference to microtremors","volume":"35","author":"Aki","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078551","article-title":"Long-Range Correlations in the Diffuse Seismic Coda","volume":"299","author":"Campillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"unstructured":"Stokoe, K.H., and Nazarian, S. (, January 23\u201326). Effectiveness of ground improvement from spectral analysis of surface waves. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Helsinki, Finland.","key":"ref_4"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"38","article-title":"Use of spectral analysis of surface waves method for determination of moduli and thicknesses of pavement systems","volume":"930","author":"Nazarian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1444590","article-title":"Multichannel analysis of surface waves","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1969.7278","article-title":"High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis","volume":"57","author":"Capon","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1441225","article-title":"Analysis of dispersive waves by wave field transformation","volume":"46","author":"McMechan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0204-9","article-title":"Generating image of dispersive energy by frequency decomposition and slant stacking","volume":"164","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-008-0338-4","article-title":"Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy imaging using a high-resolution linear Radon transform","volume":"165","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.B., Xia, J.H., and Miller, R.D. (1998, January 13\u201318). Imaging dispersion curves of surface waves on multi-channel record. Proceedings of the SEG Expanded Abstracts, New Orleans, LA, USA.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1820161"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1785\/0120030179","article-title":"An alternative approach to the SPAC analysis of microtremors: Exploiting stationarity of noise","volume":"95","author":"Stephenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Two-sensor microtremor SPAC method: Potential utility of imaginary spectrum components","volume":"220","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1417528","article-title":"On the emergence of the Green\u2019s function in the correlations of a diffuse field","volume":"110","author":"Lobkis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SI33","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2213955","article-title":"Green\u2019s function representations for seismic interferometry","volume":"71","author":"Wapenaar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-023-09772-1","article-title":"Artifacts in high-frequency passive surface wave dispersion imaging: Toward the linear receiver array","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04277.x","article-title":"Rayleigh-wave mode separation by high-resolution linear Radon transform","volume":"179","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016595","article-title":"Frequency-Bessel transform method for effective imaging of higher-mode Rayleigh dispersion curves from ambient seismic noise data","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"290","article-title":"Application of frequency-bessel transform method in shallow exploration of the beach of Chaohu lake","volume":"43","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Tech. Geophys. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3400","article-title":"S-wave velocity imaging of the Kanto basin in Japan using the frequency-Bessel transformation mehod","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018213","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018213","article-title":"Shear velocity inversion using multimodal dispersion curves from ambient seismic noise data of USArray transportable array","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggab008","article-title":"Modified frequency-Bessel transform method for dispersion imaging of Rayleigh waves from ambient seismic noise","volume":"225","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.B., Miller, R.D., and Laflen, D. (2004, January 10\u201315). Imaging dispersion curves of passive surface waves. Proceedings of the SEG Expanded Abstracts, Denver, CO, USA.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1851112"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2113\/JEEG13.1.1","article-title":"Roadside passive multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW)","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EN57","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2015-0505.1","article-title":"Multichannel analysis of passive surface waves based on crosscorrelations","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.134301","article-title":"Ultrasonics without a source: Thermal fluctuation correlations at MHz frequencies","volume":"87","author":"Weaver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2021.104327","article-title":"Using ambient noise tomography and MAPS for high resolution stratigraphic identification in Hangzhou urban area","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1785\/0120150014","article-title":"Delineating shallow S-wave velocity structure using multiple ambient-noise surface-wave methods: An example from western Junggar, China","volume":"106","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-021-01487-8","article-title":"The Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano is VEI 6, not 7","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB012959","article-title":"Mantle transition zone structure beneath the Changbai volcano: Insight into deep slab dehydration and hot upwelling near the 410 km discontinuity","volume":"121","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt289","article-title":"Changbai intraplate volcanism and deep earthquakes in East Asia: A possible link?","volume":"195","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2008.11.009","article-title":"Seismic image and origin of the Changbai intraplate volcano in EastAsia: Role of big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab","volume":"173","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016288","article-title":"Seismic constraints on the magmatic system beneath the Changbaishan volcano: Insight into its origin and regional tectonics","volume":"124","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Electric structure model of Tianchi volcano in Changbai mountains based on three dimensional AR-QN magnetotelluric inversion","volume":"42","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.18654\/1000-0569\/2020.12.16","article-title":"Changbaishan Tianchi volcano crustal magma chambers modeling with gravity profile","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Petrol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"191","article-title":"Electric conductivity and magma chamber at the Tianchi volcano area in Changbaishan mountain","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seism. Geol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wavemoti.2007.07.007","article-title":"Ward identities and the retrieval of Green\u2019s functions in the correlations of a diffuse field","volume":"45","author":"Weaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wave Motion"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018261","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018261","article-title":"Empirical Green\u2019s function retrieval using ambient noise source-receiver interferometry","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.2008.00741.x","article-title":"Velocity analysis using AB semblance","volume":"57","author":"Fomel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.B., and Miller, R.D. (2005, January 24\u201326). Multichannel Analysis of Passive Surface Waves\u2014Modeling and Processing Schemes. Proceedings of the Geo-Frontiers Congress, Austin, TX, USA.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.1061\/40785(164)17"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1002\/2012JB009513","article-title":"A numeric evaluation of attenuation from ambient noise correlation functions","volume":"118","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03374.x","article-title":"Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements","volume":"169","author":"Bensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy479","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves with fundamental and higher modes","volume":"216","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw175","article-title":"A seismic reference model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath China from surface wave dispersion","volume":"206","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"3466","article-title":"Analysis of magma chamber at the Tianchi volcano area in Changbai mountain","volume":"57","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1029\/98EO00426","article-title":"New, improved version of generic mapping tools released","volume":"79","author":"Wessel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eos. Trans. AGU"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:38Z","timestamp":1760114558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16234484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16234484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}