{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T17:09:49Z","timestamp":1771866589423,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project \u201cHUMANITA\u2014Human-Nature Interactions and Impacts of Tourist Activities on Protected Areas\u201d"},{"name":"Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE Programme 2021\u20132027"},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compares the photogrammetric performance of three multi-camera systems\u2014two spherical cameras (INSTA 360 Pro2 and MG1) and one multi-camera rig (ANT3D)\u2014to evaluate their accuracy and precision in confined environments. These systems are particularly suited for indoor surveys, such as narrow spaces, where traditional methods face limitations. The instruments were tested for the survey of a narrow spiral staircase within Milan Cathedral and the results were analyzed based on different processing strategies, including different relative constraints between sensors, various calibration sets for distortion parameters, interior orientation (IO), and relative orientation (RO), as well as two different ground control solutions. This study also included a repeatability test. The findings showed that, with appropriate ground control, all systems achieved the target accuracy of 1 cm. In partially unconstrained scenarios, the drift errors ranged between 5 and 10 cm. Performance varied depending on the processing pipelines; however, the results suggest that imposing a multi-camera constraint between sensors and estimating both IO and RO parameters during the Bundle Block Adjustment yields the best outcomes. In less stable environments, it might be preferable to pre-calibrate and fix the IO parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"4505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Camera Rig and Spherical Camera Assessment for Indoor Surveys in Complex Spaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Perfetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Territory, Environment and Mathematics (DICATAM), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazarena","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture (DIA), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Roncella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture (DIA), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stefano, F., Torresani, A., Farella, E.M., Pierdicca, R., Menna, F., and Remondino, F. 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