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It is critical to keep accurate track of the region\u2019s agricultural drought conditions. To enhance the vegetation health index (VHI), the optimal time scale for the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was determined by using the maximum correlation coefficient method, and the calculation method for VHI was optimized. The contributions of the vegetation condition index (VCI) and the temperature condition index (TCI) to the VHI were scientifically optimized, leading to the development of the optimal VHI (VHIopt). Soil moisture anomaly (SMA) and the SPEI were employed for assessing the performance of VHIopt. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial evolution of agricultural drought in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) was analyzed using VHIopt. The results indicate the following: (1) In the YRB, the optimal contribution of the VCI to the VHI is lower than that of the TCI. (2) The drought monitoring accuracy of VHIopt in forests, grasslands, croplands, and other vegetation types exceeds that of the original VHI (VHIori). Additionally, it demonstrates a high level of consistency with the SMA and the SPEI03 regarding spatial and temporal characteristics. (3) Agricultural drought in the YRB is gradually diminishing; however, significant regional differences remain. Generally, the findings of this study highlight that VHIopt is better suited to the specific climate and vegetation conditions of the Yellow River Basin, enhancing its effectiveness for agricultural drought monitoring in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"4507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Optimizing the Vegetation Health Index for Agricultural Drought Monitoring: Evaluation and Application in the Yellow River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qinghou","family":"Hang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-5405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"De Maeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Yunqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory of Geo-Information, Rizhao 276826, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9591-9","article-title":"Quantitative assessment and spatial characteristics analysis of agricultural drought vulnerability in China","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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