{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:38:17Z","timestamp":1760146697227,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]},{"name":"the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]},{"name":"the Ocean Decade action \u201cKuroshio Edge Exchange and the Shelf Ecosystem\u201d","award":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103402","LD24D060002","2021CXLH0020","U23A2033","2024C03034","CSK-2\/08\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The latest satellite in the Landsat series, Landsat-9, was successfully launched on 27 September 2021, equipped with the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) sensor, continuing the legacy of OLI\/Landsat-8. To evaluate the uncertainties in water surface reflectance derived from OLI-2, this study conducts a comprehensive performance assessment of six atmospheric correction (AC) methods\u2014DSF, C2RCC, iCOR, L2gen (NIR-SWIR1), L2gen (NIR-SWIR2), and Polymer\u2014using in-situ measurements from 14 global sites, including 13 AERONET-OC stations and 1 MOBY station, collected between 2021 and 2023. Error analysis shows that L2gen (NIR-SWIR1) (RMSE \u2264 0.0017 sr\u22121, SA = 6.33\u00b0) and L2gen (NIR-SWIR2) (RMSE \u2264 0.0019 sr\u22121, SA = 6.38\u00b0) provide the best results across four visible bands, demonstrating stable performance across different optical water types (OWTs) ranging from clear to turbid water. Following these are C2RCC (RMSE \u2264 0.0030 sr\u22121, SA = 5.74\u00b0) and Polymer (RMSE \u2264 0.0027 sr\u22121, SA = 7.76\u00b0), with DSF (RMSE \u2264 0.0058 sr\u22121, SA = 11.33\u00b0) and iCOR (RMSE \u2264 0.0051 sr\u22121, SA = 12.96\u00b0) showing the poorest results. By comparing the uncertainty and consistency of Landsat-9 (OLI-2) with Sentinel-2A\/B (MSI) and S-NPP\/NOAA20 (VIIRS), results show that OLI-2 has similar uncertainties to MSI and VIIRS in the blue, blue-green, and green bands, with RMSE differences within 0.0002 sr\u22121. In the red band, the OLI-2 uncertainties are lower than those of MSI but higher than those of VIIRS, with an RMSE difference of about 0.0004 sr\u22121. Overall, OLI-2 data processed using L2gen provide reliable surface reflectance and show high consistency with MSI and VIIRS, making it suitable for integrating multi-satellite observations to enhance global coastal water color monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T04:04:04Z","timestamp":1733198644000},"page":"4517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance Assessment of Landsat-9 Atmospheric Correction Methods in Global Aquatic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7523-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Shuangyan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Yanzhen","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Peiliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Guanqiong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Observation and Research Station of Ecological Environment and Fishery Resource in Yazhou Bay, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhoushan 316022, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113195","article-title":"Fifty years of Landsat science and impacts","volume":"280","author":"Wulder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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