{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:29:42Z","timestamp":1765268982224,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31727901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31727901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The radar monopulse angle measurement can obtain a target\u2019s angle information within a single pulse, meaning that factors such as target motion and amplitude fluctuations, which vary over time, do not affect the angle measurement accuracy. However, in practical applications, when a target\u2019s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, the single pulse signal is severely affected by noise, leading to a significant deterioration in angle measurement accuracy. Therefore, it is usually necessary to coherently integrate multiple pulses before estimating the angle. This paper constructs an angle expansion model for a multi-pulse angle measurement under coherent integration. The analysis reveals that even under noise-free conditions, after coherently integrating multiple pulses, the coupling of target amplitude fluctuations and motion state can still cause significant errors in the angle measurement. Subsequently, this paper conducts a detailed analysis of the impact of the amplitude fluctuations and target maneuvers on the random angle measurement error. It also derives approximate probability density functions of angle measurement errors under various fluctuation and motion scenarios based on the Lindeberg\u2013Feller central limit theorem. In addition, based on the angle expansion model and the random error distribution, this paper proposes an angle correction algorithm based on multi-pulse integration and long-term estimation. Numerical experiments and radar data in the field verify the impact of target characteristics on the angle measurement under multi-pulse integration and the effectiveness of the angle correction algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T10:52:30Z","timestamp":1733223150000},"page":"4535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Angle Expansion Estimation and Correction Based on the Lindeberg\u2013Feller Central Limit Theorem Under Multi-Pulse Integration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3911-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}]},{"given":"Handong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Research Lab, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-018-9745-y","article-title":"High-precision angle estimation based on phase ambiguity resolution for high resolution radars","volume":"62","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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