{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:08:33Z","timestamp":1771034913191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42205165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42205165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8202021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42205165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42205165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8202021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8202021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ever-increasing capacity of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models requires accurate flow information at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. The atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) extracted from the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) mounted on the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite can provide information about atmospheric flow fields on small scales. This study focused on the assimilation of FY-4A AMVs and its impact on forecasts in the regional NWP system of the China Meteorological Administration\u2014Beijing (CAM-BJ). The statistical characterization of FY-4A AMVs was firstly analyzed, and an optimal observation error in each vertical level was obtained. Three groups of retrospective runs over a one-month period were conducted, and the impact of assimilating the AMVs with different strategies on the forecasts of the CMA-BJ system were compared and evaluated. The results suggested that the optimal observation errors reduced the standard deviation of the background departures for U and V wind, leading to an improvement in the standard deviation in the corresponding analysis departures of about 8.3% for U wind and 7.3% for V wind. Assimilating FY-4A AMV data with a quality indicator (QI) above 80 and the optimal observation errors reduced the error of upper wind forecast in the CMA-BJ system. A benefit was also obtained in the error of surface wind forecast after 6 h of the forecasts, although it was not significant. For rainfall forecast with different thresholds, the score skills increased slightly after 6 h of the forecasts. There was an overall improvement for the overprediction of 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast including the AMVs, even when conventional observations were relatively rich. The application of FY-4A AMVs with a QI &gt; 80 and adjustment to observation errors has a positive impact on the upper wind forecast in the CMA-BJ system, improving the score skill of rainfall forecasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1733379884000},"page":"4561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assimilation of Fengyun-4A Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Its Impact on China Meteorological Administration\u2014Beijing System Forecasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Meteorological Observatory, Inner Mongolia Meteorological Service, Hohhot 010051, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182111","article-title":"Winds of change for future operational AMV at EUMETSAT","volume":"11","author":"Borde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kelly, G. (1993). Numerical experiments using Cloud Motion Winds at ECMWF, ECMWF."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1998)013<1093:TUOSPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The utilization of statistical properties of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors to derive quality indicators","volume":"13","author":"Holmlund","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wea Forecast."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1206:OCMWFM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Operational cloud motion winds from METEOSAT infrared images","volume":"32","author":"Schmetz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Holmlund, K. (March, January 28). The Atmospheric Motion Vector retrieval scheme for Meteosat Second Generation. Proceedings of the Fifth International Winds Workshop, Lorne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<0173:UTWDFG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper-tropospheric winds derived from geostationary satellite water vapor observations","volume":"78","author":"Velden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2343.1","article-title":"Water Vapor Structure Displacements from Cloud-Free Meteosat Scenes and Their Interpretation for the Wind Field","volume":"45","author":"Karbstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0033:CTWSIF>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud tracking with satellite imagery: From the pioneering work of Ted Fujita to the present","volume":"82","author":"Menzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-2-205","article-title":"Recent innovations in deriving tropospheric winds from meteorological satellites","volume":"86","author":"Velden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1971)010<0118:AATFOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An automated technique for obtaining cloud motion geosynchronous satellite data using cross correlation","volume":"10","author":"Leese","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meleor."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<1121:FACDWI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Fully automated cloud-drift winds in NESDIS operations","volume":"78","author":"Nieman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"123","article-title":"Error characterisation of atmospheric motion vectors","volume":"53","author":"Marshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. Meteor. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-18-0072.1","article-title":"Tropical cyclone forecasts impact assessment from the assimilation of hourly visible, shortwave and clear air water vapor atmospheric motion vectors in HWRF","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-12-00018.1","article-title":"The operational generation of continuous winds in the australian region and their assimilation with 4DVAR","volume":"28","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2015-030","article-title":"Assimilation Experiments of MTSAT Rapid Scan Atmospheric Motion Vectors on a Heavy Rainfall Event","volume":"93","author":"Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"469","article-title":"Application of water-vapor atmospheric motion vectors to grapes","volume":"43","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meteorol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<0350:DCIFGR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Diagnosing convective instability from GOES-8 radiances","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1992)007<0107:TIOSDW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The impact of satellite-derived winds on the hurricane track forecasting","volume":"7","author":"Velden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Wea Forecast."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-019.1","article-title":"Impact of enhanced satellite-derived atmospheric motion vector observations on numerical tropical cyclone track forecasts in the Western North Pacific during TPARC\/TCS-08","volume":"50","author":"Berger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meleorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1999)127<0971:UAIOSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Use and impact of satellite atmospheric motion winds on ECMWF analyses and forecasts","volume":"127","author":"Tomassini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC1867.1","article-title":"Comparisons of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors, rawinsondes, and noaa wind profiler observations","volume":"48","author":"Bedka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2264.1","article-title":"Application of satellite-derived atmospheric motion vectors for estimating mesoscale flows","volume":"44","author":"Bedka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meleor."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<0507:IOGAGS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Impact of GMS-5 and GOES9 satellite-derived winds on the prediction of a NOR-PEX extratropical cyclone","volume":"130","author":"Xiao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021MS002486","DOI":"10.1029\/2021MS002486","article-title":"Impact of Assimilating High-Resolution Atmospheric Motion Vectors on Convective Scale Short-Term Forecasts: 2. Assimilation Experiments of GOES-16 Satellite Derived Winds","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027096","article-title":"Assimilation of Himawari-8 All-Sky Radiances Every 10Minutes: Impact on Precipitation and Flood Risk Prediction","volume":"123","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Observing-system experiments in the ECMWF 4-DVAR assimilation system","volume":"127","author":"Bouttier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"25","article-title":"Assessment of Himawari-8AMVdataintheECMWFsystem","volume":"42","author":"Lean","year":"2016","journal-title":"EUMETSAT\/ECMWF Fellowsh. Programme Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1071\/ES17003","article-title":"Himawari-8 atmospheric motion vectors-operational generation and assimilation","volume":"67","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0093.1","article-title":"Effect of assimilating himawari-8 atmospheric motion vectors on forecast errors over east asia","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"458","article-title":"The evaluation of FY-4A AMVs in GRAPES_RAFS","volume":"45","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11060673","article-title":"Strategies for assimilating high-density atmospheric motion vectors into a regional tropical cyclone forecast model (HWRF)","volume":"11","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<0253:TVECOG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The vertical error characteristics of GOES-derived winds: Description and experiments with Numerical Weather Prediction","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meleor."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"31","article-title":"Atmospheric Motion Vectors from model simulations. Part I: Methods and characterisation as single-level estimates of wind","volume":"677","author":"Bormann","year":"2012","journal-title":"ECMWF Tech. Memo."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"706","article-title":"The Spatial Structure of Observation Errors in Atmospheric Motion Vectors from Geostationary Satellite Data","volume":"131","author":"Bormann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<2392:IOANCM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Impact of a new cloud motion wind product from Meteosat on NWP analyses","volume":"129","author":"Rohn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"911","article-title":"On the CMA-BJ v2.0 hourly rapid update catch-up cycling assimilation and forecast system. Part I: Data assimilation and system attributes","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C., Klemp, J.B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Barker, D.M., Duda, M.G., Huang, X.Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J.G. (2008). A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Tech. Note, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00167.1","article-title":"The weather research and forecasting model\u2019s community variational\/ensemble data assimilation system: WRFDA","volume":"93","author":"Barker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1996)124<1256:DAUIAU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Data assimilation using incremental analysis updates","volume":"124","author":"Bloom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0065.1","article-title":"Introducing the new generation of Chinese geostationary weather satellites\u2014FengYun 4","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-7-Schmetz-2","article-title":"An introduction toMeteosat Second Generation (MSG)","volume":"83","author":"Schmetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"270","article-title":"Use of representative pixels of motion for wind vector height assignment of semi-transparent clouds","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"283","article-title":"Estimation of background radiation underneath clouds for wind vector height assignment of semi-transparent clouds","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1990)005<0570:TCSIAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill","volume":"5","author":"Schaffer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Wea. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/met.52","article-title":"Forecast verification: Current status and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Casati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:47:32Z","timestamp":1760114852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16234561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16234561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}