{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:44:51Z","timestamp":1773866691516,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry","award":["PID2021-123675OB-C43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123675OB-C43"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry","award":["TED2021-129770B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-129770B-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest health monitoring is crucial for sustainable management, especially with the challenges posed by climate warming. Remote sensing data provide vegetation indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), that are widely used in assessing forest health. However, studies considering the validation of these data with field assessments of tree vigor are still scarce. To address this issue, we explored the relationships in declining (D) and non-declining (N) silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands from the Spanish Pyrenees between changes in canopy (a proxy of vigor), vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI) and climate variables. We compared trends in the NDVI and EVI for the period of 1984\u20132023 for D and N stands showing high and low crown defoliation levels, respectively. The EVI values allowed for the separation of stands according to their vigor earlier and more clearly than NDVI values, which did not show clear patterns throughout the time series. Significant negative correlations were found between the EVI and stand defoliation (r = \u22120.57) or mean radial growth (r = 0.81). Late-spring drought reduced the EVI. The EVI series reflected similar spatial patterns in terms of stand defoliation and tree growth, offering complementary information, along with the strengths of remote sensing with respect to its spatial and temporal coverage, for the early detection of forest dieback. This study also contributes to a better understanding of remote sensing indices, which is useful for forest health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1733387631000},"page":"4564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Matching Vegetation Indices and Tree Vigor in Pyrenean Silver Fir Stands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Crespo-Antia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas F\u00edsicos, Qu\u00edmicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gazol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6981-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Pizarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7951-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez de Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Valeriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Rubio Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Linares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas F\u00edsicos, Qu\u00edmicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2436-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Julio","family":"Camarero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda (IPE-CSIC), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buras, A., Rammig, A., and Zang, C.S. 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