{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:23:24Z","timestamp":1783398204348,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continuous advancement of high-resolution satellite technology, the impact of thermal deformation on the performance of star cameras is becoming more significant, particularly in relation to installation conditions and orbital environments. To address this challenge, an in-depth investigation of the thermal design of a star camera is conducted in this study. The thermal deformation of this camera is evaluated systematically through simulation analysis, thermal balance tests, and on-orbit temperature measurements. In addition, a simulation analysis is used to identify and quantitatively evaluate the thermal deformation error sources that affect the spatial attitude measurement accuracy of the star camera. The results indicate that thermal deformations of the optical system, the mounting surface of the star camera, and the support significantly impact on-orbit measurement accuracy. Ultimately, the limit error attributable to on-orbit thermal deformation is determined to be 0.62\u2033. In the thermal balance experiments, the maximum absolute difference between the test results and the thermal simulation analysis results is under 1.8 \u00b0C. Additionally, analysis of the orbital temperature data reveals that the maximum absolute difference between the orbital results and the thermal simulation results is 1.18 \u00b0C, while the attitude accuracy of the star sensor is better than 0.54\u2033. These findings validate the effectiveness of the thermal design and the accuracy of the thermal simulation analysis. The analysis of error sources presented in this paper offers crucial insights for effectively controlling the thermal deformation errors of star cameras and lays the groundwork for optimizing overall thermal design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T11:27:53Z","timestamp":1733398073000},"page":"4567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thermal Deformation Analysis of a Star Camera to Ensure Its High Attitude Measurement Accuracy in Orbit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaxia","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongsu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Compact optical imaging system for star tracker with long focal length and perfect thermal adaptability","volume":"8557","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Janson, S.W., Welle, R.P., Rose, T.S., Rowen, D.W., Hinkley, D.A., Hardy, B.S., La Lumondiere, S.D., Maul, G.A., and Werner, N.I. (2015). The NASA Optical Communication and Sensors Demonstration Program: Preflight Up-Date, NASA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2002.1008988","article-title":"Accuracy performance of star trackers\u2014A tutorial","volume":"38","author":"Liebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2014.11.022","article-title":"A high accuracy multiplex two-position alignment method based on SINS with the aid of star sensor","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Xiao, Y., and Geng, Y. (2013, January 26\u201328). On-orbit calibration of star sensor based on a new lens distortion model. Proceedings of the 32nd Chinese Control Conference, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blarre, L., Ouaknine, J., Oddos-Marcel, L., and Martinez, P.E. (2006, January 21\u201324). High Accuracy Sodern Star Trackers: Recent Improvements Proposed on SED36 and HYDRA Star Trackers. Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Keystone, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-6046"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Huang, H. (2024). Research on Thermal Flow Calculation and Internal Thermal Analysis of Satellites in Orbit, Jilin University."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"186","article-title":"Study on the Influence of Temperature on the Image Surface Displacement of Star Sensor Optical System","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"53","article-title":"Analysis and test of solar irradiation effect of APS star sensor","volume":"40","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Space Control. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bass, M., De Cusatis, C., Li, G., Enoch, J., Lakshminarayanan, V., MacDonald, C., Mahajan, V.N., and Van Stryland, E. (2010). Handbook of Optics: Volume IV\u2014Opticcal Properties of Materials, Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"354","article-title":"Temperature-compensated plastic lens for visible light","volume":"3737","author":"Baeumer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"875","article-title":"Thermal\/structural\/optical analysis of star sensor optical system","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70801","DOI":"10.3788\/LOP47.070801","article-title":"Study on Temperature Distribution Function of Star Sensor","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectron. Prog."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hu, X., Wu, Y., Ren, P., Wu, B., and Lu, J. (2017). The Influence of Temperature on Vacuum Calibration Accuracy of Star Sensor and Its Compensation, Major Special Management Office of High Resolution Earth Observation System; Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Podbreznik, P., and Potocnik, B. (2008). The influence of temperature variations on calibrated cameras. Int. J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng., 2."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2458","article-title":"Analysis on temperature effect of typical structure of lens in vision measurement","volume":"9142","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE\u2014Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"77","article-title":"Detection of the angle change between camera and star tracker based on star observation. Annals of the Photogrammetry","volume":"1","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low-Frequency Attitude Error Compensation for the Jilin-1 Satellite Based on Star Observation","volume":"61","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y.J., Wei, Z., Wei, X., Li, J., and Wang, G. (2020). On-Orbit Calibration of Installation Matrix between Remote Sensing Camera and Star Camera Based on Vector Angle Invariance. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195667"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Influence of Environmental Temperature on the Measurement Accuracy of Star Sensors","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4567\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:48:00Z","timestamp":1760114880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/23\/4567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16234567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16234567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}