{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T08:57:37Z","timestamp":1776329857086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023A1515011533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011533"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023YG02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG02"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023YG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG03"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["XTXM202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202201"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023B1212060042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1212060042"]}]},{"name":"the Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI","award":["2023A1515011533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011533"]}]},{"name":"the Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI","award":["2023YG02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG02"]}]},{"name":"the Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI","award":["2023YG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG03"]}]},{"name":"the Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI","award":["XTXM202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202201"]}]},{"name":"the Elite Rice Plan of GDRRI","award":["2023B1212060042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1212060042"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS","award":["2023A1515011533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011533"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS","award":["2023YG02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG02"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS","award":["2023YG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG03"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS","award":["XTXM202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202201"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS","award":["2023B1212060042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1212060042"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology","award":["2023A1515011533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011533"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology","award":["2023YG02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG02"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology","award":["2023YG03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YG03"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology","award":["XTXM202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202201"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Rice Science and Technology","award":["2023B1212060042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1212060042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) based on dry weight are important indicators affecting rice yield and quality. However, there are few reports on the use of machine learning algorithms based on hyperspectral monitoring to synchronously predict SPAD value and LNC of indica rice. Meixiangzhan No. 2, a high-quality indica rice, was grown at different nitrogen rates. A hyperspectral device with an integrated handheld leaf clip-on leaf spectrometer and an internal quartz-halogen light source was conducted to monitor the spectral reflectance of leaves at different growth stages. Linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) were employed to construct models. Results indicated that the sensitive bands for SPAD value and LNC were displayed to be at 350\u2013730 nm and 486\u2013727 nm, respectively. Normalized difference spectral indices NDSI (R497, R654) and NDSI (R729, R730) had the strongest correlation with leaf SPAD value (R = 0.97) and LNC (R = \u22120.90). Models constructed via RF and GBRT were markedly superior to those built via LR and SVR. For prediction of leaf SPAD value and LNC, the model constructed with the RF algorithm based on whole growth periods of spectral reflectance performed the best, with R2 values of 0.99 and 0.98 and NRMSE values of 2.99% and 4.61%. The R2 values of 0.98 and 0.83 and the NRMSE values of 4.88% and 12.16% for the validation of leaf SPAD value and LNC were obtained, respectively. Results indicate that there are significant spectral differences associated with SPAD value and LNC. The model built with RF had the highest accuracy and stability. Findings can provide a scientific basis for non-destructive real-time monitoring of leaf color and precise fertilization management of indica rice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16234604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1733739107000},"page":"4604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differential Study on Estimation Models for Indica Rice Leaf SPAD Value and Nitrogen Concentration Based on Hyperspectral Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3676-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chusheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jichuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunhuan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanhong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youqiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Research on the nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance genetic basis in rice\u2014Review of \u201cApplication study of hyperspectral technology in the diagnosis of rice nitrogen nutrition\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. 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