{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:52:06Z","timestamp":1761864726147,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3106100","41930538","2023J05071","2023011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wave breaking is a fundamental process in ocean energy dissipation and plays a crucial role in the exchange between ocean and nearshore sediments. Foam, the primary visible feature of wave breaking areas, serves as a direct indicator of wave breaking processes. Monitoring the distribution of foam via remote sensing can reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of nearshore wave breaking. Existing studies on wave breaking processes primarily focus on individual wave events or short timescales, limiting their effectiveness for nearshore regions where hydrodynamic processes are often represented at tidal cycles. In this study, video imagery from a typical low-tide terrace (LTT) beach was segmented into four categories, including the wave breaking foam, using the DeepLabv3+ architecture, a convolutional neural networks (CNNs)-based model suitable for semantic segmentation in complex visual scenes. After training and testing on a manually labelled dataset, which was divided into training, validation, and testing sets based on different time periods, the overall classification accuracy of the model was 96.4%, with an accuracy of 96.2% for detecting wave breaking foam. Subsequently, a heatmap of the wave breaking foam distribution over a tidal cycle on the LTT beach was generated. During the tidal cycle, the foam distribution density exhibited both alongshore variability, and a pronounced bimodal structure in the cross-shore direction. Analysis of morphodynamical data collected in the field indicated that the bimodal structure is primarily driven by tidal variations. The wave breaking process is a key factor in shaping the profile morphology of LTT beaches. High-frequency video monitoring further showed the wave breaking patterns vary significantly with tidal levels, leading to diverse geomorphological features at various cross-shore locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T04:15:03Z","timestamp":1733804103000},"page":"4616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of Tidal Cycle Wave Breaking Distribution Characteristics on a Low-Tide Terrace Beach Using Video Imagery Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Hongshuai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1221-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Zhubin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Zheyu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ocean and Coast Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"College of Marine Living Resource Sciences and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2008.05.034","article-title":"Coastal Erosion in China under the Condition of Global Climate Change and Measures for Its Prevention","volume":"19","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. 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