{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:10:14Z","timestamp":1760166614775,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSSL","award":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"]}]},{"name":"University of Oklahoma (OU)","award":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"]}]},{"name":"NOAA\/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research","award":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","award":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142012449","#NA21OAR4320204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A time\u2013space shift method was recently developed for relocating the best ensemble member predicted tornado vortex to the radar-observed location, aiming to improve the model\u2019s initial condition and subsequent prediction of tornadoes. To further improve tornado prediction, a variational method for analyzing vortex flows, referred to as VF-Var, is used in this paper to retrieve high-resolution vortex winds from the earliest radar volume scan of tornado and the retrieved vortex winds are then assimilated as \u201cobservations\u201d after the vortex relocation. The previous three-step method is also adaptively modified to estimate the tornado vortex center location, denoted by xc \u2261 (xc, yc) as a continuous function of height z and time t, from the earliest two consecutive radar volume scans of the tornado, so the estimated xc(z, t) can have the VF-Var required accuracy for retrieving high-resolution vortex winds and the retrieved vortex winds can be assimilated as \u201cobservations\u201d with a minimized observation latency. This approach, combined with vortex relocation, is applied to the 20 May 2013 Oklahoma Newcastle\u2013Moore tornado, and is shown to be very effective in further improving the tornado intensity prediction and the continuity of predicted tornado track. Although assimilating the retrieved high-resolution vortex winds after the vortex relocation does not greatly affect the overall trajectory of the predicted tornado track, it proves highly beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T11:17:20Z","timestamp":1733829440000},"page":"4628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving Tornado Intensity Prediction by Assimilating Radar-Retrieved Vortex Winds After Vortex Relocation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8658-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norman, OK 73072, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Nai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norman, OK 73072, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Snook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Norman, OK 73072, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1976-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"},{"name":"School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2030:AISOHM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An initialization scheme of hurricane models by vortex specification","volume":"121","author":"Kurihara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mon. 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