{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1773287653680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2018-04130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04130"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2020-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04106"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["CREATE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["200133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200133"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210235"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["220335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220335"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["RGPIN-2018-04130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04130"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["RGPIN-2020-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04106"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["CREATE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["200133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200133"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210235"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Foundation Innovation Research Assistant Initiative","award":["220335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220335"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["RGPIN-2018-04130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04130"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["RGPIN-2020-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04106"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["CREATE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["200133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200133"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210235"]}]},{"name":"New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund","award":["220335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220335"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["RGPIN-2018-04130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04130"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["RGPIN-2020-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04106"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["CREATE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["200133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200133"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210235"]}]},{"name":"University of New Brunswick","award":["220335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220335"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["RGPIN-2018-04130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04130"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["RGPIN-2020-04106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04106"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["CREATE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CREATE"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["200133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200133"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210235"]}]},{"name":"Lakehead University","award":["220335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220335"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saltmarshes provide important ecosystem services, including coastline protection, but face decline due to human activities and climate change. There are increasing efforts to conserve and restore saltmarshes worldwide. Our study evaluated the effectiveness of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to monitor landcover changes using a saltmarsh restoration project undergoing its 9th to 12th year of recovery in the megatidal Bay of Fundy in Maritime Canada. Specifically, in 2019\u20132022, five satellite images per growing season were acquired. Random Forests classification for 13 landcover classes (ranging from bare mud to various plant communities) achieved a high overall classification accuracy, peaking at 96.43% in 2021. Field validation points confirmed this, with high validation accuracies reaching 93.02%. The classification results successfully distinguished ecologically significant classes, such as Spartina alterniflora\u2013S. patens mix. Our results reveal the appearance of high marsh species in restoration sites and elevational-based zonation patterns, indicating progression. They demonstrate the potential of Sentinel-2 imagery for monitoring saltmarsh restoration projects in north temperate latitudes, aiding management efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1734086052000},"page":"4667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring Saltmarsh Restoration in the Upper Bay of Fundy Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Imagery and Random Forests Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Swarna M.","family":"Naojee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"LaRocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Leblon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Myriam A.","family":"Barbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J., and Gosselink, J.G. (2015). Wetlands, Van Nostrand Reinhold. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertness, M.D. (2007). Atlantic Shorelines: Natural History and Ecology, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691258867"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1942263","article-title":"Development of a New England Salt Marsh","volume":"42","author":"Redfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/jvs.12367","article-title":"Soil Stabilization Linked to Plant Diversity and Environmental Context in Coastal Wetlands","volume":"27","author":"Ford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.07.009","article-title":"Use of Ecosystems in Coastal Erosion Management","volume":"156","author":"Gracia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e4uchli, A., and L\u00fcttge, U. (2002). Salinity, Halophytes, and Salt-Affected Natural Ecosystems. Salinity: Environment\u2014Plants\u2014Molecules, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48155-3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/1942621","article-title":"Determinants of Pattern in a New England Salt Marsh Plant Community","volume":"57","author":"Bertness","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2307\/1938909","article-title":"Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in New England Salt Marsh","volume":"72","author":"Bertness","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0745","article-title":"Physical and Biotic Drivers of Plant Distribution across Estuarine Salinity Gradients","volume":"85","author":"Crain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Fleury, M., and McCann, S.B. (2005). Cycles of Saltmarsh Extension and Contraction, Cumberland Basin, Bay of Fundy, Canada. Geomorphologia Littoral I Quaternari: Homenatge al Professor V. M. Rossell\u00f3 i Verger, Servei de Publicacions, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105713","article-title":"A Managed Realignment in the Upper Bay of Fundy: Community Dynamics during Saltmarsh Restoration over 8 Years in a Megatidal, Ice-Influenced Environment","volume":"149","author":"Virgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3770(87)90091-X","article-title":"Decomposition of Roots of Three Plant Communities in a Dutch Salt Marsh","volume":"29","author":"Buth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.09.012","article-title":"Long-Term Carbon Storage Potential and CO2 Sink Strength of a Restored Salt Marsh in New Jersey","volume":"200","author":"Artigas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollenberg, J.T., Ollerhead, J., and Chmura, G.L. (2018). Rapid Carbon Accumulation Following Managed Realignment on the Bay of Fundy. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193930"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.03.085","article-title":"Evaluating the Success of Managed Realignment for the Restoration of SaltMarshes: Lessons from Invertebrate Communities","volume":"69","author":"Potier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe9332","article-title":"Fisheries Rely on Threatened Salt Marshes","volume":"370","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Roman, C.T., and Burdick, D.M. (2012). Avian Community Responses to Tidal Restoration along the North Atlantic Coast of North America. Tidal Marsh Restoration: A Synthesis of Science and Management, Island Press\/Center for Resource Economics."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000048","article-title":"Saltmarshes in a Time of Change","volume":"29","author":"Adam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163930","article-title":"Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Saltmarsh Ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Gedan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McOwen, C.J., Weatherdon, L.V., van Bochove, J.-W., Sullivan, E., Blyth, S., Z\u00f6ckler, C., Stanwell-Smith, D., Kingston, N., Martin, C.S., and Spalding, M. (2017). A Global Map of Saltmarshes. Biodivers. Data J., 5.","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.5.e11764"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganong, W.F. (1903). The Vegetation of the Bay of Fundy Salt and Diked Marshes: An Ecological Study. Bot. Gaz., 36.","DOI":"10.1086\/328394"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thomas, M.L.H. (1983). Marine and Coastal Systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick; Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8306.00299","article-title":"French Wetland Agriculture in Atlantic Canada and Its European Roots: Different Avenues to Historical Diffusion","volume":"92","author":"Butzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2007.08.001","article-title":"Pattern of Recent Vertical Crustal Movements in Canada","volume":"45","author":"Koohzare","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-12-00102.1","article-title":"Evidence of Sea Level Acceleration at U.S. and Canadian Tide Stations, Atlantic Coast, North America","volume":"28","author":"Boon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2020-0073","article-title":"Understanding Multifunctional Bay of Fundy Dykelands and Tidal Wetlands Using Ecosystem Services\u2014A Baseline","volume":"6","author":"Sherren","year":"2021","journal-title":"FACETS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waltham, N.J., Elliott, M., Lee, S.Y., Lovelock, C., Duarte, C.M., Buelow, C., Simenstad, C., Nagelkerken, I., Classens, L., and Wen, C.C.K. (2020). UN Decade on Ecosystem of Restoration 2021\u20132030\u2014What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?. Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00071"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-020-00875-1","article-title":"Tidal Marsh Restoration Optimism in a Changing Climate and Urbanizing Seascape","volume":"44","author":"Waltham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Naojee, S.M., Leblon, B., LaRocque, A., Norris, G.S., Barbeau, M.A., and Rowland, M. (2022, January 12\u201314). Saltmarsh vegetation mapping in Atlantic Canada using Sentinel-2 imagery. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics and 43rd Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing (CSRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada. Abstracts."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269698","article-title":"Random Forest Classifier for Remote Sensing Classification","volume":"26","author":"Pal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","article-title":"Random Forests for Landcover Classification","volume":"27","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.01.003","article-title":"Classifier Ensembles for Landcover Mapping Using Multitemporal SAR Imagery","volume":"64","author":"Waske","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaRocque, A., Leblon, B., Woodward, R., Mordini, M., Bourgeau, L., Landon, A., and Camill, P. (2014, January 13\u201318). Use of Radarsat-2 and Alos-PalSAR SAR Images for Wetland Mapping in New Brunswick. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946653"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1035410","article-title":"Comparison of Classification Algorithms Using Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 Data for Mapping Lithology in Canada\u2019s Arctic","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2020.1824118","article-title":"Refinements in Eelgrass Mapping at Tabusintac Bay (New Brunswick, Canada): A Comparison between Random Forest and the Maximum Likelihood Classifier","volume":"46","author":"Forsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Prentice, R., Villoslada Peci\u00f1a, M., Ward, R.D., Bergamo, T.F., Joyce, C.B., and Sepp, K. (2021). Machine Learning Classification and Accuracy Assessment from High-Resolution Images of Coastal Wetlands. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183669"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tides and Their Seminal Impact on the Geology, Geography, History, and Socio-Economics of the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada","volume":"40","author":"Desplanque","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atl. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"705","article-title":"Returning the Tide to Dikelands in a Macrotidal and Ice-Influenced Environment: Challenges and Lessons Learned","volume":"Volume 21","author":"Finkl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coastal Wetlands: Alteration and Remediation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-4-W4-271-2017","article-title":"Mapping and Monitoring Wetlands Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112320","article-title":"Plant Species Classification in Salt Marshes Using Phenological Parameters Derived from Sentinel-2 Pixel-Differential Time-Series","volume":"256","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-639-2021","article-title":"Mapping Coastal and Wetland Vegetation Communities Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data","volume":"43","author":"Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147061","article-title":"Mapping Typical Saltmarsh Species in the Yellow River Delta Wetland Supported by Temporal-Spatial-Spectral Multidimensional Features","volume":"783","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, A., and Wang, Y. (2019). High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing for Salt Marsh Mapping and Change Analysis at Fire Island National Seashore. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091107"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-020-02432-0","article-title":"Mapping Phragmites Cover Using WorldView 2\/3 and Sentinel 2 Images at Lake Erie Wetlands, Canada","volume":"23","author":"Rupasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Cawkwell, F.G., Dwyer, N., Bartlett, D., Ameztoy, I., O\u2019Connor, B., O\u2019Dea, L., Hills, J., Brown, A., Cross, N., and O\u2019Donnell, M. (2007, January 7\u20139). Saltmarsh Habitat Classification from Satellite Imagery. In Proceedings of 3rd EARSeL Workshop Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone, Bolzano, Italy."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"342","article-title":"Decision Tree-Based Classification in Coastal Area Integrating Polarimetric SAR and Optical Data","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Xu, J., Chen, Y., Xu, K., and Wang, D. (2021). Coastal Wetland Classification with GF-3 Polarimetric SAR Imagery by Using Object-Oriented Random Forest Algorithm. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103395"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.003","article-title":"Mapping Coastal Salt Marshes in China Using Time Series of Sentinel-1 SAR","volume":"173","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, P., Fu, B., He, H., Li, Y., Tang, T., Lin, X., Fan, D., and Gao, E. (2020). An Optimized Object-Based Random Forest Algorithm for Marsh Vegetation Mapping Using High-Spatial-Resolution GF-1 and ZY-3 Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081270"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-013-9303-9","article-title":"Use of GIS and High-Resolution LiDAR in Salt Marsh Restoration Site Suitability Assessments in the Upper Bay of Fundy, Canada","volume":"21","author":"Millard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.12705\/636.19","article-title":"A Molecular Phylogeny and New Subgeneric Classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)","volume":"63","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolus, A., Adam, P., Adams, J.B., Ainouche, M.L., Ayres, D., and Bertness, M.D. (2019). Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary Perspective Shows Spartina as a Distinct Solid Genus. Ecology, 100.","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2863"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, G.S., Virgin, S.D.S., Schneider, D.W., McCoy, E.M., Wilson, J.M., Morrill, K.L., Hayter, L., Hicks, M.E., and Barbeau, M.A. (2022). Patch-Level Processes of Vegetation Underlying Site-Level Restoration Patterns in a Megatidal Salt Marsh. Front. Ecol. Evol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.1000075"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sentinel-2 ESA (2022, July 25). Sentinel-2 Mission. European Space Agency (ESA)., Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1370169","article-title":"Landsat-8 vs. Sentinel-2: Examining the Added Value of Sentinel-2\u2032s Red-Edge Bands to Land-Use and Land-Cover Mapping in Burkina Faso","volume":"55","author":"Forkuor","year":"2018","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Z., and Kerekes, J.P. (2018). Potential of Red Edge Spectral Bands in Future Landsat Satellites on Agroecosystem Canopy Green Leaf Area Index Retrieval. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091458"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2023.03.011","article-title":"Evaluation of Surface Reflectance Bandpass Adjustment Techniques","volume":"198","author":"Claverie","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, G.S., LaRocque, A., Leblon, B., Barbeau, M.A., and Hanson, A. (2024). Comparing Pixel- and Object-Based Approaches for Classifying Multispectral Drone Imagery of a Salt Marsh Restoration and Reference Site. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16061049"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"SNAP (2022, June 23). ESA Sentinel Application Platform, Version 8.0. Available online: https:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/download\/snap-download\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"S1TBX (2022, June 23). ESA Sentinel-2 Toolbox, Version 8.0.7. Available online: https:\/\/step.esa.int\/main\/download\/snap-download\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Pignatale, F.C. (2022, April 22). Sen2Cor Configuration and User Manual, Ref. S2-PDGS-MPC-L2A-SUM-V2.10 Issue 1. Available online: https:\/\/step.esa.int\/thirdparties\/sen2cor\/2.10.0\/docs\/S2-PDGS-MPC-L2A-SUM-V2.10.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2005.0200","article-title":"Aerial Color Infrared Photography for Determining Early In-Season Nitrogen Requirements in Corn","volume":"98","author":"Sripada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1968.00021962006000060016x","article-title":"Measuring the Color of Growing Turf with a Reflectance Spectrophotometer","volume":"60","author":"Birth","year":"1968","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2020.106081","article-title":"Remote Sensing for Estimating and Mapping Single and Basal Crop Coefficients: A Review on Spectral Vegetation Indices Approaches","volume":"233","author":"Calera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904370","article-title":"In Vivo Spectroscopy and Internal Optics of Leaves as Basis for Remote Sensing of Vegetation","volume":"14","author":"Buschmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"113","article-title":"Aquatic Vegetation Indices Assessment through Radiative Transfer Modeling and Linear Mixture Simulation","volume":"30","author":"Villa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Rouse","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, 10\u201314 December 1973"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-015-9412-y","article-title":"Improving In-Season Estimation of Rice Yield Potential and Responsiveness to Topdressing Nitrogen Application with Crop Circle Active Crop Canopy Sensor","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Liaw, A., and Wiener, M. (2020, March 25). randomForest: Breiman and Cutler\u2019s Random Forests for Classification and Regression, Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/rforge\/randomForest\/."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Horning, N. (2010, January 9). Random Forests: An Algorithm for Image Classification and Generation of Continuous Fields Data Sets. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A.L., Kneib, T., Augustin, T., and Zeileis, A. (2008). Conditional Variable Importance for Random Forests. BMC Bioinform, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-307"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"431","article-title":"Understanding Variable Importances in Forests of Randomized Trees","volume":"26","author":"Louppe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Gamon, J.A., Montgomery, R.A., Townsend, P.A., Zygielbaum, A.I., Bitan, K., Tilman, D., and Cavender-Bares, J. (2016). Seasonal Variation in the NDVI\u2013Species Richness Relationship in a Prairie Grassland Experiment (Cedar Creek). Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020128"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108292","article-title":"Peak Growing Season Patterns and Climate Extremes-Driven Responses of Gross Primary Production Estimated by Satellite and Process-Based Models over North America","volume":"298\u2013299","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Qi, Y., Kang, W., Zhang, J., Wang, H., and Jiang, X. (2022). Seasonal Variation of Vegetation and Its Spatiotemporal Response to Climatic Factors in the Qilian Mountains, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14094926"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object-Based Image Analysis for Remote Sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.016","article-title":"Detailed Dynamic Land Cover Mapping of Chile: Accuracy Improvement by Integrating Multi-Temporal Data","volume":"183","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1125558","article-title":"Seasonal Multitemporal Land-Cover Classification and Change Detection Analysis of Bochum, Germany, Using Multitemporal Landsat TM Data","volume":"37","author":"Henits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8963","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1500731","article-title":"Coastal Wetland Classification with Multiseasonal High-Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-649-2022","article-title":"Eelgrass Bed Mapping with Multispectral UAV Imagery in Atlantic Canada","volume":"43","author":"Leblon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"299","article-title":"Spartina alterniflora in Two New Brunswick Salt Marshes. I. Growth and Decomposition","volume":"64","author":"Moulton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Vicaire, L., Stack Mills, A.M.E., and Barbeau, M.A. (2022). Developing Knowledge for Salt Marsh Restoration and Salt Marsh Creation in New Brunswick Using Spartina alterniflora Seedlings, (Unpublished report)."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2307\/1352066","article-title":"A Review of Environmental and Genetic Factors That Affect Height in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Salt Marsh Cord Grass)","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"van Proosdij, D., Ross, C., and Matheson, G. (2018). Nova Scotia Dyke Vulnerability Assessment, Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture. Available online: https:\/\/nsfa-fane.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Nova-Scotia-Dyke-Vulnerability-Assessment.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:50Z","timestamp":1760115290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16244667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16244667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}