{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T01:30:07Z","timestamp":1764811807427,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of Key Laboratory of Lightning","award":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2342215","2019QZKK0104","2023KELL-B007","2023Z008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intense convection is often accompanied by high-frequency lightning and is highly prone to producing heavy rainfall, strong winds, hail, and tornadoes, frequently resulting in significant damage and loss of life. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms and meteorological conditions of intense convection. This study utilizes the Thunderstorm Feature Dataset from 2010\u20132018 to analyze the characteristics of thunderstorms with extreme lightning activity (TELAs), defined as thunderstorms whose lightning frequency ranks in the top 1%. Four regions with relatively high thunderstorm activity were selected for analysis: Northeast China (NEC), North China (NC), South China (SC), and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In NEC, TELAs primarily occur just west of upper-level westerly troughs (UWT), including cold vortices. In NC, TELAs are mainly associated with UWT and subtropical highs (STH). In SC, TELAs are related to frontal systems, easterly waves, tropical cyclones, and STH. In TP, TELAs are generated by TP vortices. Before the TELA process, vertically integrated moisture divergence (VIMD) and convective available potential energy (CAPE) show the most notable anomalies. Except for the TP, TELAs are typically located between centers of anomalies with positive and negative geopotential height (500 hPa) and near centers of anomalies with positive CAPE and negative VIMD, accompanied by notable increases in surface temperature and wind speed. These findings offer a valuable reference for the early warning and forecasting of intense convection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1734343733000},"page":"4673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thunderstorms with Extreme Lightning Activity in China: Climatology, Synoptic Patterns, and Convective Parameters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1880-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1218-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC2021 (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Technical Report, Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1992)007<0588:SLSF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Severe local storms forecasting","volume":"7","author":"Johns","year":"1992","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"129","article-title":"Severe thunderstorms and climate change","volume":"123","author":"Brooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3667","article-title":"A climatology of Australian severe thunderstorm environments 1979\u20132011: Inter-annual variability and ENSO influence","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0345.1","article-title":"Severe convective storms across Europe and the United States. Part I: Climatology of lightning, large hail, severe wind, and tornadoes","volume":"33","author":"Taszarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10263","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0346.1","article-title":"Severe convective storms across Europe and the United States. Part II: ERA5 environments associated with lightning, large hail, severe wind, and tornadoes","volume":"33","author":"Taszarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12507","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031254","article-title":"A bayesian-like approach to describe the regional variation of high-flash rate thunderstorms from thermodynamic and kinematic environment variables","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-19-0235.1","article-title":"What are the favorable large-scale environments for the highest-flash-rate thunderstorms on earth?","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-00133-9","article-title":"The effects of climate change on hailstorms","volume":"2","author":"Raupach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0826.1","article-title":"Trends in the Extremes of Environments Associated with Severe U.S. Thunderstorms","volume":"34","author":"Koch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD036065","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD036065","article-title":"Relative Importance of Large-Scale Environmental Variables to the World-Wide Variability of Thunderstorms","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1978)035<1536:REAACG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Riming Electrification as a Charge Generation Mechanism in Thunderstorms","volume":"35","author":"Takahashi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<1751:TVPORR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Vertical Profile of Radar Reflectivity of Convective Cells: A Strong Indicator of Storm Intensity and Lightning Probability?","volume":"122","author":"Zipser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24202","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014405","article-title":"Estimation of total lightning from various storm parameters: A cloud-resolving model study","volume":"115","author":"Barthe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-10-05031.1","article-title":"Modeling the Flash Rate of Thunderstorms. Part I: Framework","volume":"139","author":"Dahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"D06212","article-title":"Relationships between lightning flash rates and radar reflectivity vertical structures in thunderstorms over the tropics and subtropics","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9481","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023470","article-title":"An improved lightning flash rate parameterization developed from Colorado DC3 thunderstorm data for use in cloud-resolving chemical transport models","volume":"120","author":"Basarab","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033152","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033152","article-title":"Thunderstorm Climatologies and Their Relationships to Total and Extreme Precipitation in China","volume":"125","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-21-0099.1","article-title":"Diurnal and Seasonal Variability of ERA5 Convective Parameters in Relation to Lightning Flash Rates in Poland","volume":"37","author":"Taszarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2010.10.027","article-title":"A Mediterranean nocturnal heavy rainfall and tornadic event. Part II: Total lightning analysis","volume":"100","author":"Pineda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-10-05026.1","article-title":"Lightning and severe weather: A comparison between total and cloud-to-ground lightning trends","volume":"26","author":"Schultz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"17","article-title":"Lightning Induced Disasters and Its Detecting and Forecasting","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"856","article-title":"Analysis of Lightning Disasters in China and Their Correlative Factors","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/16742834.2010.11446866","article-title":"Thunder events in China: 1980\u20132008","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9628-0","article-title":"Lightning casualties and damages in China from 1997 to 2009","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-014-0003-z","article-title":"A review of atmospheric electricity research in China","volume":"32","author":"Qie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2012\/0272","article-title":"Synoptic patterns associated with thunderstorms in Poland","volume":"21","author":"Kolendowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.07.011","article-title":"Thunderstorm occurrence and characteristics in Central Europe under different synoptic conditions","volume":"158","author":"Wapler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-17-0245.1","article-title":"Synoptic environments and characteristics of convection reaching the tropopause over northeast China","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105519","article-title":"An eight-year climatology of the warm-season severe thunderstorm environments over North China","volume":"254","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095485","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095485","article-title":"How Many Types of Severe Hailstorm Environments Are There Globally?","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4002","article-title":"Atmospheric background associated with severe lightning thunderstorms in Central Spain","volume":"35","author":"Mora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.09.031","article-title":"Synoptic and mesoscale diagnosis of a tornado event in Castellcir, Catalonia, on 18th October 2006","volume":"93","author":"Aran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.08.015","article-title":"Characteristics of flash initiations in a supercell cluster with tornadoes","volume":"167","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-5074-6","article-title":"Characteristics of the two active stages of lightning activity in two hailstorms","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.06.029","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal characteristics of lightning flash size in a supercell storm","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-020-9656-8","article-title":"Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region","volume":"64","author":"Qie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106149","article-title":"An observational analysis of two companion supercell storms over complex terrain","volume":"272","author":"Rigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.8471","article-title":"Climatology of thermodynamic indices and background synoptic conditions responsible for severe convection during pre- to post-monsoon seasons over Indian region","volume":"44","author":"Madhulatha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dataset of thunderstorm features of the FY-2E full-disc observation area from 2010 to 2018","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019593","article-title":"Diurnal variation of the global electric circuit from clustered thunderstorms","volume":"119","author":"Hutchins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0080.1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal lightning activity detected by wwlln over the tibetan plateau and its comparison with lis lightning","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Zheng, D., Ma, R., Zhang, Y., Lyu, W., and Yao, W. (2022). Thunderstorm activity over the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau indicated by the combined data of the FY-2E geostationary satellite and WWLLN. Remote. Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122855"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"54","article-title":"Thunderstorm climatology over mainland China based on hourly observations during 1971\u20142010","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-24-3197-2006","article-title":"Detection efficiency of the VLF World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN): Initial case study","volume":"24","author":"Rodger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012RS005049","article-title":"Relative detection efficiency of the World Wide Lightning Location Network","volume":"47","author":"Hutchins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"202","article-title":"Nowcasting thinking and method of flash heavy rain","volume":"32","author":"Xiaodin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Torrential Rain Disasters"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Jiang, S., Ren, L., Zhang, L., Wang, M., Liu, R., and Wei, L. (2019). Spatial and temporal variability in precipitation concentration over mainland China, 1961\u20132017. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11050881"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6612","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00076.1","article-title":"Comprehensive Pattern of Deep Convective Systems over the Tibetan Plateau\u2013South Asian Monsoon Region Based on TRMM Data","volume":"27","author":"Qie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5281","article-title":"Hourly station-based precipitation characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"400","article-title":"Basic Synoptic Situation Classification and Element Character of Severe Convection in China","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<2426:UNCATR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Using Normalized Climatological Anomalies to Rank Synoptic-Scale Events Objectively","volume":"129","author":"Hart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2001)016<0736:SAATSC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Standardized Anomalies Applied to Significant Cold Season Weather Events: Preliminary Findings","volume":"16","author":"Grumm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-014-4069-4","article-title":"Synoptic pattern and severe weather associated with the wide convection over Southeast China during the summer monsoon period","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105954","article-title":"General features and synoptic-scale environments of mesoscale convective systems over South China during the 2013\u20132017 pre-summer rainy seasons","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6636192","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6636192","article-title":"Characteristics and Development Mechanisms of Northeast Cold Vortices","volume":"2021","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-009-0049-0","article-title":"Seasonal climatology of cut-off lows and associated precipitation patterns over Northeast China","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-015-4273-x","article-title":"Analysis of Tibetan Plateau vortex activities using ERA-Interim data for the period 1979\u20132013","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-021-03640-x","article-title":"Vertical structure of Tibetan Plateau Vortex in boreal summer","volume":"145","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Statistical Characteristics of the Concurrence between Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Vortex and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Shear Line","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"756","article-title":"Advances of the study on Tibetan Plateau experiment of atmospheric sciences","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-24-0009.1","article-title":"Dominant Synoptic Systems for Summer Precipitation over the Complex Terrain of Southwestern China","volume":"152","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JD036604","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD036604","article-title":"Spatiotemporal features and associated synoptic patterns of extremely persistent heavy rainfall over China","volume":"127","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-018-7056-3","article-title":"Influence of the northeast cold vortex on flooding in Northeast China in summer 2013","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-6003-4","article-title":"Mechanisms for the formation of Northeast China cold vortex and its activities and impacts: An overview","volume":"30","author":"Lian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Yao, X., Deng, G., and Liu, Y. (2021). Characteristics and synoptic patterns of regional extreme rainfall over the Central and Eastern Tibetan Plateau in boreal summer. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12030379"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1987)002<0003:TDBLSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: A case study example","volume":"2","author":"Doswell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the use of indices and parameters in forecasting severe storms","volume":"1","author":"Doswell","year":"2006","journal-title":"E-J. Sev. Storms Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:24Z","timestamp":1760115324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16244673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16244673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]}}}