{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1760146836641,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"]}]},{"name":"Foreign Technical Cooperation and Scientific Research Program","award":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"]}]},{"name":"Li Zhengqiang Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province","award":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902900","E3KZ0301","202205AF150031","41701407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the optical satellite on-orbit imaging quality estimation system, the calculation of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is not fully standardized, and the influence of atmosphere is often simplified, making it difficult to obtain completely consistent on-orbit MTF measurements and comparisons. This study investigates the effects of various factors\u2014such as edge angle, edge detection methods, oversampling rate, and interpolation techniques\u2014on the accuracy of MTF calculations in the commonly used slanted-edge method for on-orbit MTF assessment, informed by simulation experiments. A relatively optimal MTF calculation process is proposed, which employs the Gaussian fitting method for edge detection, the adaptive oversampling rate, and the Lanczos (a = 3) interpolation method, minimizing the absolute deviation in the MTF results. A method to quantitatively analyze the atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF is proposed that employs a radiative transfer model. Based on the edge images of GF-2 satellite, images with various atmospheric conditions and imaging parameters are simulated, and their atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF is obtained through comparing the MTFs of the ground and top atmosphere radiance. The findings reveal that aerosol optical depth (AOD), viewing zenith angle (VZA), and altitude (ALT) are the primary factors influencing the accuracy of GF-2 satellite on-orbit MTF measurements in complex scenarios. The on-orbit MTF decreases with the increase in AOD and VZA and increases with the increase in ALT. Furthermore, a collaborative analysis of the main influencing factors of atmospheric scattering and absorption MTF indicates that, taking the PAN band of the GF-2 satellite as an example, the atmospheric MTF values are consistently below 0.7905. Among these, 90% of the data are less than 0.7520, with corresponding AOD conditions ranging from 0 to 0.08, a VZA ranging from 0 to 50\u00b0, and an ALT ranging from 0 to 5 km. The results can provide directional guidance for the selection of meteorological conditions, satellite attitude, and geographical location during satellite on-orbit testing, thereby enhancing the ability to accurately measure satellite MTF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T10:08:53Z","timestamp":1734343733000},"page":"4676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function Calculation and Error Evaluation for the Panchromatic Band of the Gaofen-2 Satellite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7795-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Remote Sensing Science and Technology, Aerospace Information Technology University, Jinan 250200, China"}]},{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J., and Gao, X. 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