{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T20:28:24Z","timestamp":1782160104534,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42474011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42474011"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41974037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974037"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3003700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003700"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42474011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42474011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3003700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3003700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Pamir is located on the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which is an area of intense continental deformation and part of the famous India\u2013Himalaya collision zone. The dominant structural deformation in the eastern Pamir is characterized by a 250 km long east\u2013west extensional fault system, known as the Kongur Shan extensional system (KSES), which has developed a series of faults with different orientations and characteristics, resulting in highly complex structural deformation and lacking sufficient geodetic constraints. We collected Sentinel-1 SAR data from December 2016 to March 2023, obtained high-resolution ascending and descending LOS velocities and 3D deformation fields, and combined them with GPS data to constrain the current motion characteristics of the northeastern Pamirs for the first time. Based on the two-dimensional screw dislocation model and using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inversion method, the kinematic parameters of the fault were calculated, revealing the fault kinematic characteristics in this region. Our results demonstrate that the present-day deformation of the KSES is dominated by nearly E\u2013W extension, with maximum extensional motion concentrated in its central segment, reaching peak extension rates of ~7.59 mm\/yr corresponding to the Kongur Shan. The right-lateral Muji fault at the northern end exhibits equivalent rates of extensional motion with a relatively shallow locking depth. The strike-slip rate along the Muji fault gradually increases from west to east, ranging approximately between 4 and 6 mm\/yr, significantly influenced by the eastern normal fault. The Tahman fault (TKF) at the southernmost end of the KSES shows an extension rate of ~1.5 mm\/yr accompanied by minor strike-slip motion. The Kashi anticline is approaching stability, while the Mushi anticline along the eastern Pamir frontal thrust (PFT) remains active with continuous uplift at ~2 mm\/yr, indicating that deformation along the Tarim Basin\u2013Tian Shan boundary has propagated southward from the South Tian Shan thrust (STST). Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrated InSAR and GPS data in constraining contemporary deformation patterns along the northeastern Pamir margin, contributing to our understanding of the region\u2019s tectonic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Present-Day Tectonic Deformation Characteristics of the Northeastern Pamir Margin Constrained by InSAR and GPS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8073-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Pamir Intracontinental Subduction National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donglin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjian","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Pamir Intracontinental Subduction National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir","volume":"281","author":"Burtman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1029\/95TC00927","article-title":"Quaternary deformation in the eastern Pamirs, Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan","volume":"14","author":"Strecker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(01)00414-9","article-title":"New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in Central Asia","volume":"191","author":"Reigber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2003)115<0166:DSAGMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Differential structural and geomorphic mountain-front evolution in an active continental collision zone: The northwest Pamir, southern Kyrgyzstan","volume":"115","author":"Streckloer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04305","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041737","article-title":"Partitioning of India\/Eurasia convergence in the Pamir-Hindu Kush from GPS measurements","volume":"37","author":"Mohadjer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TC6014","DOI":"10.1029\/2010TC002772","article-title":"GPS velocity field of the Tien Shan and surrounding regions","volume":"29","author":"Zubovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1029\/2002TC001358","article-title":"Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai Valley, (Pamir-Tien Shan region, central Asia): An example of intracontinental deformation due to the IndoEurasia collision","volume":"21","author":"Coutand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TC4002","DOI":"10.1029\/2003TC001583","article-title":"Assembly of the Pamirs: Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet","volume":"23","author":"Schwab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1029\/93TC00767","article-title":"High cooling and denudation rates at Kongur-Shan, Eastern Pamir (Xinjiang, China) revealed by Ar-40\/Ar-39 alkali feldspar thermochronology","volume":"12","author":"Arnaud","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1130\/B25375.1","article-title":"Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir: Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system, western China","volume":"116","author":"Robinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1130\/B25981.1","article-title":"Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir: Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen","volume":"119","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/2014TC003576","article-title":"Seismotectonics of the Pamir","volume":"33","author":"Schurr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50185","article-title":"Kinematics of the Pamir and Hindu Kush regions from GPS geodesy","volume":"118","author":"Ischuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2016.03.011","article-title":"Present-day crustal motion around the Pamir Plateau from GPS measurements","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/2015TC004055","article-title":"Tectonic interaction between the Pamir and Tien Shan observed by GPS","volume":"35","author":"Zubovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019TC005797","DOI":"10.1029\/2019TC005797","article-title":"Dense GNSS profiles across the northwestern tip of the India-Asia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression","volume":"39","author":"Metzger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JB022775","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022775","article-title":"Tajik depression and greater Pamir neotectonics from InSAR rate maps","volume":"126","author":"Metzger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB020951","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020951","article-title":"GPS imaging of vertical bedrock displacements: Quantification of two-dimensional vertical crustal deformation in China","volume":"126","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"L03302","article-title":"Interseismic slip rate of the northwestern Xianshuihe fault from InSAR data","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.07.020","article-title":"Spatio-temporal evolution of aseismic slip along the haiyuan fault, China: Implications for fault frictional properties","volume":"377","author":"Jolivet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1785\/0120140237","article-title":"The burst-like behavior of aseismic slip on a rough fault: The creeping section of the haiyuan fault, China","volume":"105","author":"Jolivet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB017692","article-title":"Interseismic and postseismic shallow creep of the North Qaidam Thrust faults detected with a multitemporal InSAR analysis","volume":"124","author":"Daout","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000806","article-title":"Joint inversion of InSAR, GPS, teleseismic, and strong-motion data for the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquake slip: Application to the 1999 Izmit mainshock","volume":"92","author":"Delouis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JB024176","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JB024176","article-title":"Large-scale interseismic strain mapping of the ne Tibetan plateau from sentinel-1 interferometry","volume":"127","author":"Ou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL107324","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL107324","article-title":"Strain partitioning and fault kinematics in the northern qilian Shan (ne tibet) determined from bayesian inference of geodetic data","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024GL110512","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL110512","article-title":"Large-scale extensional strain in Southern Tibet from Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS data","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023GL106143","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL106143","article-title":"Present-day 3d crustal deformation of the northeastern Tibetan plateau from space geodesy","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024TC008475","DOI":"10.1029\/2024TC008475","article-title":"Recent block kinematics and fault slip rates in the Pamir, Central Asia, from an integrated GNSS velocity field","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.12.023","article-title":"Focused Pliocene\u2013Quaternary exhumation of the Eastern Pamir domes, western China","volume":"363","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-020-1282-1","article-title":"Late Cenozoic activity of the Tashkurgan normal fault and implications for the origin of the Kongur Shan extensional system, eastern Pamir","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/ter.12170","article-title":"Quantification of both normal and right-lateral late Quaternary activity along the Kongur Shan extensional system, Chinese Pamir","volume":"27","author":"Chevalier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.1029\/2019TC005680","article-title":"Cumulative and coseismic (during the 2016 Mw 6.6 Aketao earthquake) deformation of the dextral-slip Muji Fault, northeastern Pamir orogen","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"114","article-title":"Constraints on the Late Quaternary Tectonic Movement and Slip Rate of the Muji Fault in Northeastern Pamir","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"241","article-title":"Late Cenozoic and present tectonic deformation in the Pamir salient, northwestern China","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Analysis of the Contemporary Tectonic Deformation Characteristics of the Pamir Plateau Based on GPS Strain, Seismic Strain Rate, and Focal Mechanism Stress Field","volume":"63","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL093271","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL093271","article-title":"Deep crustal contact between the Pamir and Tarim Basin deduced from receiver functions","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"260","article-title":"Coseismic surface ruptures of multi segments and seismogenic fault of the Tashkorgan earthquake in Pamir, 1895","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.10.028","article-title":"Nature and timing of large landslides within an active orogen, eastern Pamir, China","volume":"182","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, P., and Cheng, X. (2022). Modelling fault scarp degradation to determine earthquake history on the Muztagh Ata and Tahman faults in the Chinese Pamir. Front. Earth Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.838866"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.246","article-title":"Sentinel-1 support in the GAMMA software","volume":"100","author":"Werner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2023.118388","article-title":"Newly discovered shallow creep along the Gozha Co fault in northwestern Tibet: Spatial extent, rate and temporal evolution","volume":"621","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"3179e3188","article-title":"TOPS interferometry with Terra SAR-X","volume":"50","author":"Scheiber","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Werner, C., Wegm\u00fcller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A. (2000, January 16\u201320). Gamma sar and interferometric processing software. Proceedings of the ErsEnvisat Symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2019.104331","article-title":"Small baseline insar time series analysis: Unwrapping error correction and noise reduction","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.10.038","article-title":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction using a gps-based iterative tropospheric decomposition model","volume":"204","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2022.117450","article-title":"Kinematics of the ~1000 km Haiyuan fault system in northeastern Tibet from high-resolution Sentinel-1 InSAR velocities: Fault architecture, slip rates, and partitioning","volume":"583","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1785\/0120140247","article-title":"Optimal interpolation of spatially discretized geodetic data","volume":"105","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9000","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013108","article-title":"Interseismic strain accumulation across the central North Anatolian Fault from iteratively unwrapped InSAR measurements","volume":"121","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03739-2","article-title":"Constant strain accumulation rate between major earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087376","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087376","article-title":"High-resolution surface velocities and strain for Anatolia from Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS data","volume":"47","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JB022892","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022892","article-title":"Large-Scale Crustal Deformation, Slip-Rate Variation, and Strain Distribution Along the Kunlun Fault (Tibet) From Sentine-1 InSAR Observations (2015\u20132020)","volume":"127","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2002.1094","article-title":"Remote monitoring of the earthquake cycle using satellite radar interferometry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London","volume":"360","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1029\/JB078i005p00832","article-title":"Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California","volume":"78","author":"Savage","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segall, P. (2010). Earthquake and Volcano Deformation, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400833856"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2140\/camcos.2010.5.65","article-title":"Ensemble samplers with affine invariance","volume":"5","author":"Goodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt180","article-title":"Bayesian inversion for finite fault earthquake source models I-theory and algorithm","volume":"194","author":"Minson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw028","article-title":"Along-strike variations of the partitioning of convergence across the Haiyuan fault system detected by InSAR to the Monthly Notices","volume":"205","author":"Daout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Suppl. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.55","article-title":"Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3","volume":"2","author":"Salvatier","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22309","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049921","article-title":"Fast slip-rate along the northern end of the Karakorum fault system, western Tibet","volume":"38","author":"Chevalier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-008-0090-8","article-title":"The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPS observations","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21760-w","article-title":"The Hindu Kush slab break-off as revealed by deep structure and crustal deformation","volume":"12","author":"Kufner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2010.10.003","article-title":"The role of footwall deformation and denudation in controlling cooling age patterns of detachment systems: An application to the Kongur Shan extensional system in the Eastern Pamir, China","volume":"496","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.246.4935.1285","article-title":"Magnitude of late Quaternary leftlateral displacement along the north edge of Tibet","volume":"246","author":"Peltzer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28<451:SPOTKF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Southward propagation of the Karakoram Fault system, southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"F1124","article-title":"Oroclinal bending and slab break-off causing coeval east-west extension and east-west contraction in the Pamir\u2013Nanga Parbat syntaxis in the past 10 m.y","volume":"82","author":"Yin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eos (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1994)022<0707:KSNFTE>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Kongur Shan normal fault: Type example of mountain building assisted by extension (Karakoram fault, eastern Pamir)","volume":"22","author":"Brunel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cenozoic right-slip faulting along the eastern margin of the Pamir salient, northwestern China","volume":"122","author":"Cowgill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1002\/2017TC004541","article-title":"Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Pamir-Tian Shan convergence zone, Northwest China","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15305","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051782","article-title":"Equivalency of geologic and geodetic rates in contractional orogens: New insights from the Pamir Frontal Thrust","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50316","article-title":"Quantification of three-dimensional folding using fluvial terraces: A case study from the Mushi anticline, northern margin of the Chinese Pamir","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6592","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012102","article-title":"Hinge-migrated fold-scarp model based on an analysis of bed geometry: A study from the Mingyaole anticline, southern foreland of Chinese Tian Shan","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TC6012","DOI":"10.1029\/2007TC002226","article-title":"Temporal constraints and pulsed Late Cenozoic deformation during the structural disruption of the active Kashi foreland, northwest China","volume":"27","author":"Heermance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10977","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073627","article-title":"Temporal changes in rock uplift rates of folds in the foreland of the Tian Shan and the Pamir from geodetic and geologic data","volume":"44","author":"Bufe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:57:26Z","timestamp":1760115446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/24\/4771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16244771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16244771","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]}}}