{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:25:28Z","timestamp":1781821528701,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42071306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring autumn vegetation dynamics in alpine regions is crucial for managing local livestock, understanding regional productivity, and assessing the responses of alpine regions to climate change. However, remote sensing-based vegetation monitoring is significantly affected by snowfall. The impact of autumn snowfall, particularly when vegetation has not fully entered dormancy, has been largely overlooked. To demonstrate the uncertainties caused by autumn snowfall in remote sensing-based vegetation monitoring, we analyzed 16 short-term snowfall events in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau. We employed a synthetic difference-in-differences estimation framework and conducted simulated experiments to isolate the impact of snowfall from other factors, revealing its effects on vegetation indices (VIs) and autumn phenology estimation. Our findings indicate that autumn snowfall notably affects commonly used VIs and their associated phenology estimates. Modified VIs (i.e., Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII), Phenology Index (PI), Normalized Difference Phenology Index (NDPI), and Normalized Difference Greenness Index (NDGI)) revealed greater resilience to snowfall compared to conventional VIs (i.e., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)) in phenology estimation. Areas with remaining green vegetation in autumn showed more pronounced numerical changes in VIs due to snowfall. Furthermore, the impact of autumn snowfall closely correlated with underlying vegetation types. Forested areas experienced less impact from snowfall compared to grass- and shrub-dominated regions. Earlier snowfall onset and increased snowfall frequency further exacerbated deviations in estimated phenology caused by snowfall. This study highlights the significant impact of autumn snowfall on remote sensing-based vegetation monitoring and provides a scientific basis for accurate vegetation studies in high-altitude regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Impact of Autumn Snowfall on Vegetation Indices and Autumn Phenology Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9520-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5628-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bailang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial-Temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15290","article-title":"Climate Change Leads to Accelerated Transformation of High-elevation Vegetation in the Central Alps","volume":"220","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.018","article-title":"Increasing Global Vegetation Browning Hidden in Overall Vegetation Greening: Insights from Time-Varying Trends","volume":"214","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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