{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:26Z","timestamp":1760146946231,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Topic of the Hunan Engineering Research Center of 3D Real Scene Construction and Application Technology","award":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China Railway Group Limited","award":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"]}]},{"name":"Major S&amp;T Program of Hunan Province","award":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"]}]},{"name":"Powerchina Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited","award":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171440","3DRS2024Z1","2021-Special-08","2020GK1023","YF-A-2020-05-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cIce, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2\u201d (ICESat-2) produces photon-point clouds that can be used to obtain nearshore bathymetric data through density-based filtering methods. However, most traditional methods simplified the variable spatial density distribution of a photon to a linear relationship with water depth, causing a limited extraction effect. To address this limitation, we propose a two-stage filtering method that considers spatial relationships. Stage one constructs the adaptive photon density threshold by mapping a nonlinear relationship between the water depth and photon density to obtain initial signal photons. Stage two adopts a seed-point expanding method to fill gaps in initial signal photons to obtain continuous signal photons that more fully reflect seabed topography. The proposed method is applied to ICESat-2 data from Oahu Island and compared with three other density-based filtering methods: AVEBM (Adaptive Variable Ellipse filtering Bathymetric Method), Bimodal Gaussian fitting, and Quadtree Isolation. Our method (F-measure, F = 0.803) outperforms other methods (F = 0.745, 0.598, and 0.454, respectively). The accuracy of bathymetric data gained from seabed photons filtered using our method can achieve 0.615 m (Mean Absolute Error) and 0.716 m (Root Mean Squared Error). We demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating photon spatial relationships to enhance the filtering of seabed signal photons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Two-Stage Nearshore Seafloor ICESat-2 Photon Data Filtering Method Considering the Spatial Relationship"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1588-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longjiao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7669-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Qianzhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410199, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Research Center of 3D Real Scene Construction and Application Technology, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"The First Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"PowerChina Zhongnan Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104957","article-title":"Remote sensing for shallow bathymetry: A systematic review","volume":"258","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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