{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:06Z","timestamp":1760146926140,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901231","AD23026180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901231","AD23026180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program","award":["41901231","AD23026180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901231","AD23026180"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial and temporal information about cropping patterns of single and multiple crops is important for monitoring crop production and land-use intensity. We used time-series MODIS NDVI 8-day composite data to develop annual cropping pattern products at a 250 m spatial resolution for China, covering the period from 2001 to 2023. To address the potential impacts of varying parameters in both data pre-processing and the peak detection algorithm on the accuracy of cropping pattern mapping, we employed a grid-search method to fine-tune these parameters. This process focused on optimizing the Savitzky\u2013Golay smoothing window size and the peak width parameters using a calibration dataset. The results highlighted that an optimal combination of a five to seven MODIS composite window size in Savitzky\u2013Golay smoothing and a peak width of four MODIS composites achieved good overall mapping accuracy. Pixel-wise accuracy assessments were conducted for the selected mapping years of 2001, 2011, and 2021. Overall accuracies were between 89.7% and 92.0%, with F1 scores ranging from 0.921 to 0.943. Nationally, this study observed a fluctuating trend in multiple cropping percentages, with a notable increase after 2013, suggesting shifts toward more intensive agricultural practices in recent years. At a finer spatial scale, the combination of Mann\u2013Kendall and Sen\u2019s slope analyses revealed that approximately 12.9% of 3 km analytical windows exhibited significant changes in cropping intensity. We observed spatial clusters of increasing and decreasing crop intensity trends across provinces such as Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Gansu. This study underscores the importance of data smoothing and peak detection methods in analyzing high temporal resolution remote sensing data. The generation of annual single\/multiple cropping pattern maps at a 250 m spatial resolution enhances our comprehension of agricultural dynamics through time and across different regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16244801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1734945218000},"page":"4801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beets, W.C. 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