{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:05:17Z","timestamp":1778252717247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The student-built Agricultural Camera (AgCam) now onboard the International Space Station observes the Earth surface through two linescan cameras with Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) arrays sensitive to visible and near-infrared wavelengths, respectively. The electro-optical components of the AgCam were characterized using precision calibration equipment; a method for modeling and applying these measurements was derived. Correction coefficients to minimize effects of optical vignetting, CCD non-uniform quantum efficiency, and CCD dark current are separately determined using a least squares fit approach. Application of correction coefficients yields significant variability reduction in flat-field images; comparable results are obtained when applied to ground test images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2020464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,2]],"date-time":"2010-02-02T02:21:17Z","timestamp":1265077277000},"page":"464-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Radiometric Calibration for AgCam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Doug","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Northern Great Plains Center for People and the Environment, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9011,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changyong","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, P.R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Northern Great Plains Center for People and the Environment, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9011,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianbo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, P.R.China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hojin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Northern Great Plains Center for People and the Environment, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9011,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hildum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Science and Technology Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948283","article-title":"Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration","volume":"6","author":"Sellers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hulst, N.E., Barton, J.B., Carpenter, J., Frey, C., Hammes, J., Johnson, A.F., Olsen, D.R., Schultz, R.R., Scilley, B.W., Seielstad, G.A., Semke, W.H., Threinen, S., Ubbi, P., Voeller, R., Wambsganss, W.J., Webster, A., Chang-Hee, W., and Zeller, A. (,  2004). AgCam: Scientific imaging from the ISS Window Observational Research Facility, Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.20","article-title":"Tensor voting for image correction by global and local intensity alignment","volume":"27","author":"Jia","year":"2005","journal-title":"EEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.809012","article-title":"A fast parametric motion estimation algorithm with illumination and lens distortion correction","volume":"12","author":"Altunbasak","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.811497","article-title":"Jointly registering images in domain and range by piecewise linear comparametric analysis","volume":"12","author":"Candocia","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman, D.B., and Jiun-Hung, C. (2005, January 17\u201320). Vignette and exposure calibration and compensation. Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2005.249"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7300","DOI":"10.3390\/s8117300","article-title":"Can commercial digital cameras be used as multispectral sensors? A crop monitoring test","volume":"8","author":"Lebourgeois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2004.1362487","article-title":"Practical anti-vignetting methods for digital cameras","volume":"50","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Lin, S., and Kang, S.B. (2006, January 17\u201322). Single-image vignetting correction. 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1063\/1.349612","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical studies of the performance of quantum-well infrared photodetectors","volume":"70","author":"Andrews","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"49","article-title":"Flat-Fielding for CCDs in AAVSO Observations, I","volume":"27","author":"Emerson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. AAVSO"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seibert, J.A., Boone, J.M., and Lindfors, K.K. (1998, January 21-26). Flat-field correction technique for digital detectors. Medical Imaging 1998: Physics of Medical Imaging, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.317034"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Runco, M., Eppler, D., Scott, K.P., and Runco, S. (2003, January November). Earth science and remote sensing from the international space station using the destiny laboratory\u2019s science window and the window observational research facility. 30th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.006426","article-title":"Radiometric validation of NASA's Ames Research Center's Sensor Calibration Laboratory","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.019","article-title":"An operational radiometric calibration procedure for the Landsat sensors based on pseudo-invariant target sites","volume":"107","author":"Danaher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.024","article-title":"The MISR radiometric calibration process","volume":"107","author":"Bruegge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.003894","article-title":"Photon counting techniques with silicon avalanche photodiodes","volume":"32","author":"Dautet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2008.07.061","article-title":"Status and perspectives of Pixelated Photon Detector (PPD)","volume":"595","author":"Haba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7198","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.007198","article-title":"Modulation transfer function measurement technique for small-pixel detectors","volume":"31","author":"Marchywka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/2\/464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:23Z","timestamp":1760220083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/2\/464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2020464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2020464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}}}