{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:37:42Z","timestamp":1773247062495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]],"date-time":"2010-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mediterranean coastal areas are experiencing rapid land cover change caused by human-induced land degradation and extreme climatic events. Vegetation index time series provide a useful way to monitor vegetation phenological variations. This study quantitatively describes Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) temporal changes for Mediterranean land-covers from the perspective of vegetation phenology and its relation with climate. A time series from 2001 to 2007 of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index 16-day composite (MOD13Q1) was analyzed to extract anomalies (by calculating z-scores) and frequency domain components (by the Fourier Transform). Vegetation phenology analyses were developed for diverse land-covers for an area in south Alicante (Spain) providing a useful way to analyze and understand the phenology associated to those land-covers. Time series of climatic variables were also analyzed through anomaly detection techniques and the Fourier Transform. Correlations between EVI time series and climatic variables were computed. Temperature, rainfall and radiation were significantly correlated with almost all land-cover classes for the harmonic analysis amplitude term. However, vegetation phenology was not correlated with climatic variables for the harmonic analysis phase term suggesting a delay between climatic variations and vegetation response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2030697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]],"date-time":"2010-03-02T11:15:22Z","timestamp":1267528522000},"page":"697-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Land-Cover Phenologies and Their Relation to Climatic Variables in an Anthropogenically Impacted Mediterranean Coastal Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Melendez-Pastor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad de Elche, Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Navarro-Pedre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad de Elche, Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6186-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magaly","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-1401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad de Elche, Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Encarni I.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apartado de correos 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.23.110192.000245","article-title":"Global environmental change: an introduction","volume":"23","author":"Vitousek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuvieco, E. (2008). Earth Observation of Global Change. The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Monitoring the Global Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6358-9"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: General Synthesis, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lambin, E.F., Baulies, X., Bockstael, N., Fischer, G., Krug, T., Leemans, R., Moran, E.F., Rindfuss, R.R., Sato, Y., Skole, D., Turner, B.L., and Vogel, C. (1999). Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Implementation Strategy, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). IGBP Report No. 48\/IHDP Report No 10."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Turner, B.L., Clark, W.C, Kates, R.W., Richards, J.F., Mathews, J.T., and Meyer, W.B. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global Change and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(01)00007-3","article-title":"The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths","volume":"11","author":"Lambin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1770","article-title":"Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100","volume":"287","author":"Sala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600921943","article-title":"Categorization of land-cover change processes based on phenological indicators extracted from time series of vegetation index data","volume":"28","author":"Lupo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2004.03.019","article-title":"Evaluation of land performance in Senegal using multi-temporal NDVI and rainfall series","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2004). Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.227.4685.369","article-title":"African land-cover classification using satellite data","volume":"227","author":"Tucker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746029","article-title":"The interpretation of spectral vegetation indexes","volume":"33","author":"Myneni","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Hass, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (,  1974). Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Proceedings Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Huete, A., Justice, C., and van Leeuwen, W. (1999). MODIS Vegetation Index (MOD 13). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Version 3."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00175-9","article-title":"Land-surface phenologies from AVHRR using the discrete Fourier transform","volume":"75","author":"Moody","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948948","article-title":"Monitoring East African vegetation using AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Justice","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.02.022","article-title":"A 20-year study of NDVI variability over the Northeast Region of Brazil","volume":"67","author":"Barbosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331326611","article-title":"Understanding precipitation patterns and land use interaction in Tibet using harmonic analysis of SPOT VGT-S10 NDVI time series","volume":"26","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(02)00116-3","article-title":"Crop identification using harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"37","author":"Jakubauskas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210380","article-title":"Mapping vegetation-soil-climate complexes in southern Africa using temporal Fourier analysis of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"21","author":"Azzali","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.008","article-title":"A crop phenology detection method using time-series MODIS data","volume":"96","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"476","article-title":"Crop discrimination in Northern China with double cropping systems using Fourier analysis of time-series MODIS data","volume":"10","author":"Mingwei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1610","article-title":"Modelling bioclimate by means of Fourier analysis of NOAA-AVHRR NDVI time series in Western Argentina","volume":"28","author":"Menenti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600887698","article-title":"Monitoring Sahelian floodplains using Fourier analysis of MODIS time-series data and artificial neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Westra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3","article-title":"L'indice d'aridit\u00e9","volume":"9","year":"1926","journal-title":"Bull. Assoc. Geogr. Fr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"UNEP (1997). World Atlas of Desertification, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"European Commission (2005). Soil Atlas of Europe, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.08.004","article-title":"Identifying optimal spectral bands to assess soil properties with VNIR radiometry in semi-arid soils","volume":"147","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"IUSS Working Group WRB (2006). World Reference Base for Soil Resources, World Soil Resources Report 103, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746027","article-title":"A Feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, L.O., Malhi, Y., Aragao, L.E.O., and Saatchi, S. (,  2007). Spatial patterns of the canopy stress during 2005 drought in Amazonia. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423299"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701355223","article-title":"Impact of rainfall anomalies on Fourier parameters of NDVI time series of northwestern Argentina","volume":"29","author":"Menenti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briggs, W.L., and Henson, V.E. (1995). The DFT: An Owners\u2019 Manual for the Discrete Fourier Transform, Society for Industrial Mathematics.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611971514"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Davis, J.C. (1986). Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John Wiley and Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Rayner, J.N. (1971). An Introduction to Spectral Analysis, Pion Ltd."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"461","article-title":"Harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"67","author":"Jakubauskas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.05.006","article-title":"Detecting drought induced environmental changes in a Mediterranean wetland by remote sensing","volume":"30","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020908432489","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Ozesmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wetlands Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1408:1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001408","article-title":"Global data for ecology and epidemiology: a novel algorithm for temporal fourier processing MODIS data","volume":"3","author":"Scharlemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/3\/697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:36Z","timestamp":1760220096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/3\/697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2030697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2030697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,2]]}}}